Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Quantum mechanics (21 lectures) Thermodynamics (17 lectures) Chemical Kinetics (4 lectures)
Microscope
X-ray diffraction
1-thiocoumarin
Lewis lone pairs on Oxygen Extra electron density on sulfur atom -bonds: electron density concentrated along bond axis
P.Munshi and T.N.Guru Row, Acta Crystallographica A , 2002,58,354
H H Covalent bonds
H
Dipole moment: 1.8 D O Bond angle: 104.45 Deg Bond length: 0.9584 Ang
Organization
Principles of Quantum Mechanics Simple, exactly solvable problems Hydrogen Atom Many-electron Atoms Molecules
Books
Atkins, Physical Chemistry Alberty and Silbey, Physical Chemistry
Wave-Particle Duality
In classical physics, there is a clear distinction between waves and particles The development of quantum mechanics became necessary in order to explain experiments which suggested that electromagnetic waves could behave like particles Classical Particles Classical Waves Evidence for particle nature of electromagnetic waves Wave-Particle Duality: The de Broglie Hypothesis Experiments to verify the wave nature of particles
Classical Particles
Obey Newtons laws of motion
d 2x m 2 =F dt
Characteristic mass: inertial/gravitational mass In principle, the position and velocity can be specified simultaneously to arbitrary accuracy Completely predictive or deterministic: If the initial position, momentum are known and the forces acting on a particle can be calculated, then the entire trajectory (r(t),v(t)) can be predicted exactly using Newtons laws Very successful on a macroscopic scale: planetary orbits, geostationary satellites, rocket launches Sometimes works on a molecular scale: kinetic theory of gases
Classical Waves
Associated with periodic variations in time and/or space of some property. Identify time period (frequencies, ) or spatial period (wavelengths, ) sound: density water: surface height (ripples) or density light: electric and magnetic fields Require periodic functions to describe waves which must be solutions of special types second-order differential equations 1-dimensional stationary wave equation d2 = k 2 d 2 x 3-Dimensional time-dependent wave equation d 2 d 2 d 2 1 d 2 + + = 2 2 2 2 dx dy dz c dt 2 Interference/Diffraction: Combining periodic functions generates other periodic functions Periodicity will be observable if we make measurements on length scales less than and time scales less than
1 mv 2 = h 2
Compton could explain this by: (i) Conservation of energy where K.E. of electron was calculated relativistically (ii) Conservation of momentum assuming that the X-ray photon had momentum, p=h/
h c h h = = = = h v E/c p
. h =
p
Particle property
Matter Waves
Plancks constant determines the length scale on which the wave properties of particles with non-zero mass become important How can one generate de Broglie waves of different wavelengths Charged particles can be accelerated through a fixed electrical potential energy difference Thermal kinetic energy of uncharged particles will also result in a welldefined wavelength Particle Electron Kinetic energy 1eV 100eV 10000eV Proton 1 KeV 1 MeV 1 GeV Neutron 1.5RT/NA (Thermal K.E.) (Angstrom) 12.2 1.2 0.12 0.009 28.6 Fermi 0.73 Fermi 1.5
h = 6.63 10 34 Js
n = 2d sin
Hitachi devised a detector that could detect a single electron at a time with almost 100% efficiency. The detector would register a signal only when electron waves would pass on both sides of the electron biprism at once.
www.illuminatingscience.org/2006/10/
Question: Each line is marked by the cluster size N. Can you explain the spacing between lines?
http://www.gwdg.de/~mpisfto/atom_optics_e.html