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MATTA
M.COM, PGDBM, MBA, M.PHIL.
ASSTT. PROFESSOR
Smt.Indira Matta
The inspiration and Strength behind this work
1 Chapter
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this lesson is to give an overview of financial systems and markets in India.
STRUCTURE
Concept of Financial System Financial Concepts Financial Assets Financial Intermediaries Financial Markets
government. These are the forms in which people accumulate much of their wealth. In simple
terms we are referring to paper assets: shares, debentures, deposits, mortgages and other securities. Thus, financial system performs certain essential functions for the economy, including maintenance of payment system (through which purchasing power is transferred from one participant to another i.e. from buyer to seller), collection and allocation of the savings of society, and creation of a variety of stores of wealth to suit the preferences of savers. This brief sketch of functions of financial system gives us its gist. Performance of these functions pre-supposes the existence of financial assets, financial institutions (intermediaries) and financial markets. A combination of these three constitutes financial system.
FINANCIAL CONCEPTS
An understanding of the financial system requires an understanding of the following concepts: (i) Financial assets (ii) Financial intermediaries (iii) Financial markets (iv) Financial rates of return (v) Financial instruments
Financial Assets
Classification of Financial Assets (i) Marketable assets (ii) Non-marketable assets Yet another classification is as follows: (i) Money or cash market (ii) Debt asset (iii) Stock asset
Financial Intermediaries
They may also be classified into two: (i) Capital market intermediaries (ii) Money market intermediaries
Financial Markets
Classification of Financial Markets (a) Unorganized Markets (b) Organized Markets These organized markets can be further classified into two. They are: (i) Capital market (ii) Money market
Capital Market
Capital market may be further divided into three namely: (i) Industrial securities market (ii) Government securities market and (iii) Long term loans market
I.
As the very name implies, it is a market for industrial securities namely: (i) Equity shares or ordinary shares, (ii) Preference shares, and (iii) Debentures or bonds It can be further subdivided into two. They are: (i) Primary market or new issue market (ii) Secondary market or Stock exchange
Primary Market
There are three ways by which a company may raise capital in a primary market. They are: (i) Public issue (ii) Rights issue (iii) Private placement
Secondary Market
Secondary market is a market for secondary sale of
securities. In other words, securities which have already passed through the new issue market are traded in this market. Generally, such securities are quoted in the stock exchange and it provides a continuous and regular market for buying and selling of securities. This market consists of all stock exchanges recognized by the Government of India.
ii.
The Government securities are in many forms. These are generally: (i) Stock certificates or inscribed stock (ii) Promissory Notes (iii) Bearer Bonds which can be discounted.
iii.
Long term loans market may further be classified into: (i) Term loans market (ii) Mortgages market (iii) Financial Guarantees market
MONEY MARKET
The money market may be subdivided into four parts. They are: (i) Call money market (ii) Commercial bills market (iii) Treasury bills market (iv) Short term loan market
It is market for short term funds for a period of not exceeding one year. 2. This market supplies funds for working capital. 3. This market deals in instruments like bill of exchange, treasury bills, commercial papers, certificates of deposits etc. 4. Each single money market instrument is of large amount minimum for Rs. 1 lacs to 25 lacs. 5. The central bank and commercial banks are major players in this market. 6. Money market generally have no secondary market. 7. Generally there is no formal place. 8. Brokers are not required.
Capital Market
1. It is market for long term funds exceeding a period of one year 2. This market supplies fund for fixed capital as well as long term requirements of Govt. 3. This market deals in instruments like share, debentures and bonds etc. 4. Each single capital market instrument is of small amount. i.e. Normally face value of share is Rs. 10 and debenture Rs. 100 5. Development banks, insurance companies and mutual funds play a dominant role in capital market. 6. Capital market have secondary market. 7. Transactions takes place on a formal place like stock exchanges. 8. Transactions have to be conducted only through authorized dealers.
(l) Highly Organized Banking System (ii) Presence of a Central Bank (iii) Availability of Proper Credit Instruments (iv) Existence of Sub-markets (v) Ample Resources (vi) Existence of Secondary Market (vii) Demand and Supply of Funds
Banks (iv) Effective Central Bank Control (v) Formulation of Suitable Monetary Policy (vi) Non-inflationary source of Finance to Government
Functions of Foreign Exchange Market (i) Transfer Function (ii) Credit Function (iii) Hedging Function
The major foreign-exchange instruments are: Spot Market Forward Market Options Futures
iii) Hedgers
iv) Speculators v) Banks vi) Governments
Options Terminology
i) Call Option ii) Put Option iii) Strike Price (also called Exercise Price) iv) Maturity Date v) American Option vi) European Option vii) Option Premium (Option Price, Option Value) viii) Intrinsic Value of an Option ix) Time value of an Option x) Option at the Money xi) Option out of Money xii) Option in the Money