Wireless Sensor Networks

RCTI Seminar Day Presentations Roshdy Hafez Thomas Kunz Marc St.-Hilaire Ionnis Lambadaris Richard Yu

Roshdy Hafez
Systems and Computer Engineering

Thomas Kunz
Professor and Director Technology Innovation Management Program

Mobile Computing Group

Facilitate the development of innovative next-generation mobile applications on resource-constraint, mobile devices Develop the required network architectures (MANETs, wireless mesh networks, wireless sensor networks) Research into network protocols (MAC, routing, Mobile IP, QoS support, transport), and middleware runtime support Licensed technology to EION Inc. in 2005 (Adaptive Intelligent Router) Research funded by federal (NSERC) and provincial granting agencies (OCE, NCIT), as well as industry
Worked with Bell, Nortel, Motorola in the past Currently cooperating with CRC, Alcatel-Lucent

High-Level Architecture: multiple WSN, fixed Core (Examples: surveying multiple airports, border crossings, etc.)
Event collection & presentation

Monitoring data processing Event dissemination 1st responder notification

XML Routed Network

Wireless Sensor Networks: dynamic retasking, new sensor types/data, improved algorithms and protocols Fixed Networking: distribute sensor data to (different) recipients, discover sensors and their capabilities
sensor data collection and archive: information made available via web services

IP
IP Router Monitored Area

Base Station XML Router

Sensor

Core Functionality: Clock Synchronization, Localization

Clock sync is critical at many layers
Beam-forming, localization, distributed DSP, MAC
Tracking; data aggregation & caching

Similarly, localization is fundamental

Routing, security

Tracking; data aggregation & caching

t=2 t=1 t=3

t=0

Localization
Key requirements: high accuracy, no additional hardware (GPS, etc.), support fast deployment (minimum # of anchors), range-free or range-based Another important point: should work well for typical mission-critical deployments
10

10 10
8

8 6 4

8 6 4 2 0 5 10 0 0 5 10

2 0

(b)

(c)

10

(a)

C-shaped network, 160 nodes

Random topology, 200 nodes

Uniform grid (with small placement errors) 100 nodes

Localization: Cooperative Localization, based on Curvilinear Component Analysis

(a) Range-based: 3 anchor nodes 0.2
Median Error (r)

(a) Range free: 3 anchor nodes 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 MDS-MAP(P,R) CCA-MAP

Median Error (r)

0.15 0.1 0.05 0

MDS-MAP(P,R) CCA-MAP

0.2
Median Error (r)

15 20 25 Connectivity (b) Range based: 10 anchor nodes MDS-MAP(P,R) CCA-MAP

10

30
0.4
Median Error (r)

10

15 20 25 Connectivity (b) Range free: 10 anchor nodes MDS-MAP(P,R) CCA-MAP

30

0.15 0.1 0.05 0

0.3 0.2 0.1 0

10

15 20 Connectivity

25

30

10

15 20 Connectivity

25

30

Results for Random Network Topology

Clock Synchronization
mutual, low overhead, compatible withWiFi, WiMax, Zigbee standards (i.e., based on periodic beacons) key idea: adjust slope of local clocks, rather than timestamp value -> converge over time

c.d.f of max time difference in a 5x5 network using the IEEE 802.11 TSF

Max time difference in a 5x5 network using CSMNS

Steps Forward
Defined and evaluated fundamental algorithms through simulations Plan to implement and evaluate them in a real testbed Additional research questions
Localization: Optimal anchor locations (non-trivial and non-obvious) Apply NN structure to track mobile sensors Reduce computational complexity Bound worst-case performance Synchronization: Use external clock references

Reflect hierarchical network structure

Ongoing: work on fixed-network aspects, gateway to interconnect WSN and core, XML-based description and discovery, etc.

Marc St-Hilaire
School of Information Technology

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

Research in planning algorithms (both static & dynamic)
How to design new WSN in a cost effective way
How to update an existing WSN infrastructure Organisation (re-organisation) of the nodes to maximize the life time of the network

Research on network protocols

Routing scheme with different objectives Save energy, minimise delay or combination Re-organise the route in case of node/link failure

Correlation of events both in space and time

Clock synchronisation Localization algorithm

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

Research on data association
How to follow multiple moving targets such as in military applications, border defence and so on.

Research on data aggregation/fusion

Aggregate data in order to save bandwidth, computing resources, battery life, etc.

Ioannis Lambadaris
Systems and Computer Engineering

Overview: Research/Academic Interests

Performance Analysis of Computer Communication Networks Congestion control of IP networks, Differentiated services and Quality of Service Resillient Packet Ring protocols and performance evaluation Resource allocation and Quality of Service in optical networks Real time packet content inspection engines Security Endpoint-Driven Intrusion Detection and Containment of Fast Spreading Worms in Enterprise Networks Mobile/Wireless Networks High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) Sensor and Ad-Hoc Networks Zigbee/IEEE 802.15.4 networking Practical Design for wireless sensor nodes Design, performance analysis and prototyping of nodes based on popular wireless transceivers such as TI/Chipcon (CC1100, CC1110), Freescale semiconductors (MC13201-2-3 ), Cypress Semiconductors (CYRF69103, CYRF69213) Distinctions: Ontario Premiers Excellence Award 1999 -- Carleton Research Achievement Award 2000-01. Patents: 20060089113 - Radio control receiver system for multiple bands, frequencies and modulation protocol coverage.
Authors: John Lambadaris, A. Elahi and J. Perez

John Lambadaris Associate Professor Department of Systems and Computer Engineering Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6 email: ioannis@sce.carleton.ca tel: (613) 520-2600 x1974

Topics to address:
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) systems
Sensor/wireless ad-hoc networks -Node Location Estimation

-Low Bit rate video for surveillance

Optimal Scheduling in High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

Objective
-To find the optimal scheduling policy that controls the allocation of the timecode resources. An optimal policy should be: -Fair; Divide the resources fairly between all the active users. -Maximize the overall cell throughput. -Provide channel aware (diversity gain) and high speed resource allocation.

Optimal Scheduling in HSDPA: Analysis and Validation Methodology

-Markov Decision Processes and Dynamic Programming (two user analysis)
-OPNET based simulations for verification Optimal policy (two user case) Comparison with heuristic policies

Optimal Scheduling in HSDPA: Further research

-Realistic channel modeling -Packet retransmissions

-Scalability issues
-Extension to more than two users
Recent publications: Hussein Al-Zubaidy, Ioannis lambadaris, Code Allocation Policy Optimization in HSDPA Networks Using FSMC Channel Model, IEEE Wireless and Networking Conference (IEEE WCNC), March 31April3, 2008.

Sensor Location Estimation: Problem Statement

The sensor localization problem.

Given a set of sensors deployed in a field, in which some of them are anchors and the remaining are unknown sensors, we may want to estimate the nodes positions of the unknown sensors.

Anchors: Nodes that know their positions. Unknown sensors: Nodes that do not know their positions.

Sensor Location Estimation: Range-based and Range-free algorithms In order to study the sensor localization problem, researchers have proposed schemes that lie on one of the following categories: Range-based algorithms rely on computing point-topoint distance estimates. Range-free algorithms propose solutions without the availability of inter-distance measurements. Our hybrid approach: We will use a range-free approach coupled with a range-based refinement.

Sensor Location Estimation: APIT Algorithm

a is an unknown sensor. A,B,C,D are audible anchors for a.

Step: 1. Generation of triangles. 3 combinations from the set of 4 audible anchors = 4 triangles -> {ABC,BCD,ACD,ABD} 2. Acquisition of beacon information. 3. APIT Test
4. APIT Aggregation.

5. Position estimation (COG).

Sensor Location Estimation: Simulation Setup

Random distribution

Sparse Networks

Black nodes ->anchors, White nodes -> unknown sensors

Random distribution

Deterministic distribution of anchors

Dense networks

A Propagation Model for Sensors: RIM (Radio Interference Model)

DOI (Degree of Irregularity) parameter Maximum path loss percentage variation per unit degree change in the direction of radio propagation. RIM Model Model that introduces the DOI parameter. Anisotropic model. Radio variations depend with both distance and direction.

Sensor Location Estimation: Results

N=40, R=1.5 [m]

M=200, N=40, R=1.5 [m]

DOI=0.1

DOI=0.7

Sensor Location Estimation: Further research

Time varying interference patterns Extensions of the location algorithms to include obstacles (e.g. terrain irregularities) between nodes Complexity and scalability of the algorithms Extensions to include node/sensor mobility

Low bit-rate Video Transmission over Wireless Zigbee Networks

Challenges Video application requirements

High data rate for high quality (compression is used) Bandwidth-efficient codecs are the most computationally intensive

Limitations of Zigbee networks

Low Power (Battery operated) Maximum nominal rate for IEEE 802.15.4 standard is 250 kbps Realistic throughput is much lower (CSMA/CA, overhead, multi-hop, etc.)

Video applications may be implemented over Zigbee

Using advanced video encoders, video segmentation and rate-control algorithms Using the multiple channels available in the IEEE802.15.4 and using multiple NICs Using MDC and multi-hopping over multi-channel multi-interface network topologies

Recent Publication: Ahmed Zainaldin, Ioannis Lambadaris, Bis Nandy Adaptive Rate Control MPEG4 Video Transmission over Wireless Zigbee Networks, IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), May 19-23 2008

Solutions for Video Transmission over Zigbee Networks

1. Rate Control Variable bit-rate over Wireless Zigbee Networks (RCVBR)
Video Source R(n) Packetizer b r

MPEG-4 Encoder

Rate Controller

2.

Region of Interest (ROI) Encoding

3.
1

Multi-channel Multi-radio over Wireless Zigbee Networks

1
11 11

4.

Multiple Description Coding (MDC) over a multi-channel multiinterface Zigbee networks

Summary: Research expertise and personnel

Simulations, traffic modeling and performance analysis -NS-2 and OPNET based simulations Matlab computations for propagation and interference models Prototyping sensor node/development from concept to manufacturing (PCB design, firmware programming, RF design)

Personnel: Faculty, graduate students, research associates and a group of professional contractors

Secure Wireless Biosensors Networking for Authentication and Life Support of Field Personnel
Richard Yu RCTI, Carleton University
Helen Tang and Peter Mason DRDC - Ottawa

 Military tactical mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) challenge security design. As the front line of defence, authentication is the core requirements for integrity, confidentiality and non-repudiation in networked centric warfare.

 Biometrics from biosensors provide some promising solutions to the authentication problems.

Fingerprint

Iris

Face

Retina

Finger vein

Cardio-based

Voice

 Patient/citizen centered healthcare based on wireless biosensors

A unified framework approach

Sensor data Multimodal Biometrics Physiological status monitoring User authentication Encryption

 Research: Wireless networking for biosensors, biometric-based authentication for tactical MANET, biosensor data processing, biosensor scheduling and management.