RIVER DIVERSION

Presented byMousumi Bania (CIB09004) and Azaz Ahmed (CIB09015) Department of Civil Engineering, Tezpur University.

RIVER DIVERSION
The need for Diversion Cofferdams Diversion Tunnels Diversion Dam Other alternative methods

WHAT IS RIVER DIVERSION

It is the act of diverting a portion of river water from the main course to another natural or man-made channel.

NEED FOR RIVER DIVERSION?

For securing a site in the main river course for construction or repair works of dams, bridges, artificial islands etc

Dam-site, Lower Subansiri Gerukamukh, Assam

For procuring water from a stream having a high flow into one having low flow. For extracting water out of the main course into natural or artificial channels serving the purpose of distributing water to agricultural fields and industries.

For proper flood control measures and river basin management.

Flood-control efforts in the Wairau River valley culminated with the opening of the Wairau diversion on 30 April 1963.

RIVER DIVERSION FOR CONSTRUCTION OF DAM

We need Cofferdams- To secure a water tight construction site

Diversion tunnels- To channel the water from the main river course around the construction site

COFFERDAMS

A cofferdam (also called a coffer) is a temporary enclosure built within, or in pairs across, a body of water

It is constructed to allow the enclosed area to be pumped out, creating a dry work environment for the major work to proceed.

The word "cofferdam" comes from "coffer" meaning box

A cofferdam on the Ohio River near Olmsted, Pulaski County, Illinois, USA. The cofferdam was constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for the purpose of constructing the Olmstead Lock and Dam on the Ohio River.

KEY NOTES

Cofferdams are temporary enclosures to keep out water and soil so as to permit dewatering and construction of the permanent facility (structure) in the dry. A cofferdam involves the interaction of the structure, soil, and water. The loads imposed include the hydrostatic forces of the water, as well as the dynamic forces due to currents and waves.

Cofferdams usually deviate from their initial design. This is because ofOffshore construction Adversities in the weather Deformation due to varying loads

Cofferdam under construction

VARYING LOADS ON COFFERDAMS DUE TO

Construction equipments Various installations and related process Construction of the dam itself

Changes in the river

TYPES OF COFFERDAM

BRACED EARTH-TYPE

TIMBER CRIB
DOUBLE WALLED SHEET PILE CELLULAR

BRACED TYPE

It is formed from a single wall of sheet piling which is driven into the ground to form a box around the excavation site.

The box is then braced on the inside and the interior is dewatered. It is primarily used for bridge piers in shallow water (30 - 35 ft

A Braced type cofferdam

EARTH TYPE

It is the simplest type of cofferdam. It consists of an earth bank with a clay core or vertical sheet piling enclosing the excavation. It is used for low-level waters with low velocity and easily scoured by water rising over the top.

Earth type cofferdam

TIMBER-CRIB TYPE

Constructed on land and floated into place. Lower portion of each cell is matched with contour of river bed.

Timber crib type cofferdam

DOUBLE- WALLED SHEET PILE TYPE

They are double wall cofferdams. Comprises of two parallel rows of sheet piles driven into the ground and connected together by a system of tie rods at one or more levels.

The space between the walls is generally filled with granular material such as sand, gravel or broken rock.

Double-Walled sheet pile type cofferdam

CELLULAR TYPE

Cellular cofferdams are used only in those circumstances where the excavation size precludes the use of cross-excavation bracing. In this case, the cofferdam must be stable by virtue of its own resistance to lateral forces.

Cellular type cofferdam

DIVERSION TUNNELS

Carries water from the mainstream to other channels or across the construction site.

Can be structures

permanent,

or

temporary

Diversion tunnels of Lower Subansiri hydel project

Jinsha river diversion tunnel, China

Cofferdam is breached to allow the river to flow through the Diversion Tunnel

DIVERSION DAM

A dam that diverts all or a portion of the flow of a river from its natural course. Diversion dams do not generally impound water in a reservoir. Instead, the water is diverted into an artificial water course or canal, which may be used for other purposes

The Faraday Diversion Dam, Clackamas River. This dam slows a normally fast and shallow river for partial diversion to a hydroelectric dam.

The Imperial Dam diverting the Colorado River in the southwestern United States.

The earliest diversion dam - and the second oldest dam of any kind known - is the Ancient Egyptian Sadd-el-Kafara Dam at Wadi Al-Garawi, located about 25 km south of Cairo. Built around 2600 BC for flood control, the structure was 102 m long at its base and 87 m wide. It was destroyed by a flood while still under construction.

RIVER FRIENDLY ALTERNATIVES

Infiltration galleries and wells Screened pipe intakes Seasonal dams

Consolidated diversions

INFILTRATION GALLERIES AND WELLS

Are of two typesVertical wells Horizontal infiltration galleries

Horizontal infiltration galleries are also known as "Ranney wells.

Both types typically require pumps to draw water from the streams gravel substrate through perforated pipes.

In certain sites, infiltration galleries can function by gravity alone.

VERTICAL WELLS

Vertical wells draw water through perforated pipes placed vertically into the stream or floodplain substrate and water table maintained by the surface flow. Vertical wells can be located very near the stream or at some distance from the channel, depending on stream conditions.

Images of Vertical well

INFILTRATION GALLERIES

Typical construction of an infiltration gallery involves placing perforated pipes in the streambed and connecting them to a collection area, or sump. Water seeps into the perforated pipes and flows to the sump where it is pumped out (or flows by gravity) for immediate use or storage.

Sucker Creek Infiltration Gallery

ADVANTAGES
Eliminating the impacts of dams on natural stream dynamics. Avoiding the risk of fish entrainment.

Reducing the visual impact of the diversion.

DISADVANTAGES
The perforated pipes gets blocked with fine sediment;

Absence of gravel substrate that could prevent the placement of perforated pipes at depths adequate to protect them from scouring

When relying on vertical wells, there is a risk that wells could dewater the stream where the subsurface water is connected to the surface water. Eg in california where groundwater pumping is unregulated.

SCREENED PIPE INTAKES

Water is pumped out of rivers by placing screened pipes Screened pipe intakes can safely divert water to a distribution system for immediate use or into a surface or subsurface storage site away from the stream for later use

Water intake pipe of the Kinston Water Works

ADVANTAGES
They can function without a dam or other structure to control water levels

DISADVANTAGES
Fish entrainment. Intake screen technology has improved greatly in recent years, but entrainment continues to be a problem in certain cases.

Screens can be expensive to install and maintain.

SEASONAL DAMS

Temporary structures that can be erected to store water for immediate or later diversion, or removed to allow flows and (in most cases) fish to pass. Inflatable dams and flashboard dams (also known as stop log dams) are the most common types of seasonal dams.

SEASONAL DAM IMAGE:

INFLATABLE DAMS

Inflatable dams are made of thick, laminated rubber and nylon tubes that are anchored to a concrete foundation across the streambed. The tube can be filled automatically or manually with air or water to create a barrier, and subsequently deflated to lie flat on the foundation.

Inflated Dam on Alameda Creek

The same dam when deflated

FLASHBOARD DAMS

Flashboard dams usually involve a concrete foundation and frame into which boards are inserted to block the stream flow and raise the water level to allow for diversion.

ADVANTAGES
Provide the flexibility to store and divert water or allow water, sediment and fish to pass when the dam is not in use.

In certain cases, pools created by temporary dams can provide cool water habitat for species to oversummer in warm streams

DISADVANTAGES
Requires lot of continuous monitoring

It can increase water temperatures, harbor predator species, eliminate water flows and associated aquatic habitat downstream

Induce erosion of the bed and banks of streams and introduce major fluctuations in water levels upstream of the dam impacting biota, aquatic vegetation and residents

CONSOLIDATED DIVERSIONS

When several diversion dams are located close together on a single stream, it is possible to consolidate the number of diversions to a single diversion point, allowing the elimination of some of the dams.

The concept is known as consolidated diversions

ADVANTAGES

Eliminate some or all of the diversion dams involved, and typically reduces the number of diversions that require screens to prevent fish entrainment.

DISADVANTAGES

It requires the need to relocate diversion pipes or canals to the new diversion point, and hence adds to the cost.

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