Rain Water Harvesting RWH- process of collecting, conveying & storing water from rainfall in an area beneficial use.

. Storage in tanks, reservoirs, underground storagegroundwater.

Four million litres of rainwater can be collected in a year in an acre of land (4,047 m2). With the water table falling rapidly, & concrete surfaces and landfill dumps taking the place of water bodies, RWH is the most reliable solution for augmenting groundwater level to attain selfsufficiency. For ex.

Tarun Bharat Sangh (Young India Association) or TBS is an NGO which promotes sustainable water management through rainwater harvesting in Rajasthan

Roof Rain Water Harvesting Land based Rain Water Harvesting

For Urban & Industrial Environment
Roof & Land based RWH
Public, Private, Office & Industrial buildings

Pavements, Lawns, Gardens & other open spaces

A watershed is a basin like landform defined by peaks which are connected by ridges that descend into lower elevations and small valleys. It carries rainwater falling on it drop by drop and channels it into soil, rivulets and streams flowing into large rivers and in due course sea. It is a synonym of catchment or basin of a river coined for an area restricted to 2000sq. Km. Watershed is the unit of management in IWRM, where surface water and groundwater are inextricably linked and related to land use and management

Watershed management aims to establish a workable and efficient framwork for the integrated use, regulation and development of land and water resources in a watershed for socioeconomic growth. For ex. Hariyali (meaning greenery) is a watershed management project, launched by the Central Government, which aims at enabling the rural population to conserve water for drinking, irrigation, fisheries and afforestation as well as generate employment opportunities.

To protect the aquifers from overexploitation. An effective groundwater management policy oriented towards promotion of efficiency, equity and sustainability is required. The detrimental environmental consequences of over-exploitation of groundwater need to be effectively prevented by the Central and State Governments.

An uncontrolled use of the borewell technology has led to the extraction of groundwater at such a high rate that often recharge is not sufficient. The causes of low water availability in many regions are also directly linked to the reducing forest cover and soil degradation. The pollution of air, water, and land has an affect on the pollution and contamination of groundwater.

The solid, liquid, and the gaseous waste that is generated, if not treated properly, results in pollution of the environment; this affects groundwater too due to the hydraulic connectivity in the hydrological cycle. For example:when the air is polluted, rainfall will settle many pollutants on the ground, which can then seep into and contaminate the groundwater resources.

Banning private wells is futile; crowd them out by improving public water supply. Regulating final users is impossible; facilitate mediating agencies to emerge, and regulate them. Pricing agricultural groundwater use is infeasible; instead, use energy pricing and supply to manage agricultural groundwater draft. No alternative to improved supply side management: better rain-water capture and recharge, imported surface water in lieu of groundwater pumping. Grow the economy, take pressure off land, and formalize the water sector.

An uncontrolled use of the borewell technology has led to the extraction of groundwater at such a high rate that often recharge is not sufficient.

Parameter
Depth in mts. Retention time (day) BODu loading (lb/acre-day)
BODu removal (%)

Value

0.15 - 0.5 2-6 100-200

80-90

Algae concentration (mg/l)

Re-circulation ratio Effluent suspended solids concentration (mg/l)

100-200
0.2-2.0 150-350

These are similar to aerobic ponds but are very lightly loaded with organic wastes.

Generally used for upgrading effluents from conventional secondary treatment processes.
The principal purpose is to achieve reduction in fecal colliform count and remove nitrogen and phosphorus. Used to remove pathogenic bacteria and viruses (99.9997%) - e-Coli removal Solar disinfection using UV light 1 m deep

Total detention time of the order of 10 days

Disinfection may be used, if required

Anaerobic Ponds requires no Dissolved Oxygen for microbial activity as the organisms use O2 from compounds such as NO3, SO4 as their hydrogen acceptors and give end product such as methane, carbon dioxide etc. These ponds are basically Sedimentation ponds High waste water loading which depletes all O2 Solids settles in pond basin

Anaerobic digestion of sludge occurs in pond bottom

Large Organic Loading O2 Req > O2 Supply Enhanced H2S- Formation Increase In Turbidit Reduced Light Penetration Reduced Photosynthesis Reduced O2 Formation Anaerobic Conditions

http://www.authorstream.com/87-675078-oxidation-ponds/

Hydrolysis - Complex organics (proteins and fats) broken down to simpler compounds by various bacteria Acidogenesis (Fermentation) Fatty acids and alcohols oxidized, amino acids and carbohydrates fermented , forms volatile fatty acids and hydrogen Acteogenesis conversion of complex fatty acids to acetic acid Methnogenesis - conversion of acetic acid to methane and CO2 and CO2 ,H2S to methane

When temperature rises above 15o C digestion generates enough biomass which causes pond surface to bubble biogas (70% CH4 and 30% CO2) Digested solids accumulate cleanout in 1 to 3 years

Hydraulic detention time is short 1 day Depth 2 to 5 m (usually 3m) Design is highly empirical based on volumetric load (gm BOD/m3/day) For e.g. 100 gm BOD/m3/day to 3 m deep pond=3000 kg/ha/day

Below pH 7.0 then H2S forms and causes odor

Below ph 6.2 then conditions became toxic

ADVANTAGES Gives energy whereas aerobic requires energy. Very high concentration can be treated efficiently whereas not possible in aerobic ponds.

LIMITATIONS Standard BOD cannot be maintained under anaerobic process as suspended solid increased. Organic matter convert to CO2, CH4 which is difficult to separate from bacteria.

These are neither fully aerobic nor fully anaerobic.

They are often about 1 to 2 m in depth and favor algal growth along with the growth of aerobic, anaerobic and facultative microorganisms.
Such ponds are aerobic during day time. In the remaining hours the pond bottom may turn anaerobic. Top Pond water is aerobic and supports very high density algal population Bottom water is an anaerobic condition in which sludge is digested Algae generate O2 by photosynthesis during the day ,which is useful for oxidation of waste by bacteria Bacteria degrade waste, uses O2 and generates CO2, algae use CO2 and generate O2

http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/env110/lesson18.htm

OXIDATION POND IN
TIMARPUR(DELHI)

Annual operation and maintenance of Oxidation Pond by Bio- enzyme/ Bioremediation treatment process at Nehru Vihar near Wazirabad.

CLIENT OF PROJECT: Delhi Jal Board, Govt. of NCT of Delhi, Office of the Executive Engineer (C) Plant, Sriniwaspuri, New Delhi-110065

The sewage is pumped through University SPS into the oxidation ponds and treated effluent in turn is discharged into river Yamuna through Najafgarh drain downstream to Wazirabad barrage.
Sr. No.
1. 2. 3. 4.

DESCRIPTION
TOTAL NO. OF PONDS NO.OF OXIDATION PONDS TO BE TREATED TOTAL DESIGN CAPACITY TOTAL FLOW TO OXIDATION PONDS

UNIT
--------MGD MGD

VALUE
18 17 06 03

To control odour generation and emission completely from the project site and its vicinity. To bring down the major BOD and TSS <30 and <50 mg/L according to CPCB standards.

To remove and control further growth and propagation of algae and water hyacinth.

http://jmenviro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id= 159&Itemid=201

Previous condition pond was very dirt due to presence of Organic Matter, Hyacinth, Algal web and Various type

other aquatic plants.

The treatment of sewage at the Oxidation Ponds with ABR Treatment Technology of Persnickety 713 was carried out. Stabilization Phase:Stabilization of bacteria is not required because the bacteria are well established in the system as the treatment of the oxidation ponds was started long back and no higher dosing is required.

Maintenance Phase:The maintenance dose of 26 liter per day will be continued throughout the period as the bacterial strains of Persnickety713 were already established in the system.

CONDITION

AFTER TREATMENT:Post condition of pond water is very clear due to removal of Oil &Grease, Aquatic Plants and Algae.

http://jmenviro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=15 9&Itemid=201

http://jmenviro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159 &Itemid=201

http://jmenviro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1 59&Itemid=201

http://jmenviro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article &id=159&Itemid=201

Odour Control:-The level of dissolved sulfide was brought down up to 0.2 mg/L in water so it could not be detected in air. BOD Control:-BOD target was <30 mg/L and after ABR treatment with Persnickety 713 it was ranging between 18 to 13 mg/L much less than the target. TSS Control:-TSS target was <50 mg/L and after ABR treatment with Persnickety 713 it was recorded in the range from 28 to 14 mg/L much less than the target.

Water Environment Federation (19march2011, 4:35pm) http://www.jstor.org/stable/25035985 (19march2011 ,5:10pm ) http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/1032/ (22march2011,7:45pm)

http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Srivastava87-675078oxidation-ponds/(22 march2011 ,10:15pm) http://jmenviro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=artic le&id=159&Itemid=201(25march2011,6:20pm) http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/env110/lesson18.htm(25marc h2011,8:40pm) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilization_pond(25 march2011,10:30pm) https://encrypted.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&biw=1366&bih=573 &q=what+is+Maintenance+Phase+in+oxidation+pond&aq=f&aqi=&aql=& oq=(26march20118:25pm) www.google.com