Strategy Implementation To Reduce T & D Losses In India.

Group V Pravin Chavan-80118110013 Naveen Dsouza-80118110027 Zelda Kolah-80118110049 Satej More-80118110064 Virendra Panchal-80118110072 Anitra Pillai-80118110083 Swarup Saha-80118110095 Sunil Desai-80118110117

Appendix
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India Power Sector Scenario Snapshot . What does Transmission and Distribution Means? What are the current challenges in India for Transmission and Distribution (T & D) Network Reasons for T & D losses Measures to reduce Transmission and Distribution losses.

ALL INDIA REGIONWISE GENERATING INSTALLED CAPACITY (MW) OF POWER

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SL. NO. REGION 1 Northern 2 Western 3 Southern 4 Eastern 5 N. Eastern 6 Islands

THERMAL Nuclear HYDRO COAL GAS DSL TOTAL (Renewable) R.E.S.@ (MNRE) 26932.5 4171.26 12.99 31116.75 1620 14922.75 3509.56 34923.5 7903.81 17.48 42844.79 1840 7447.5 5937.6 20982.5 4690.78 939.32 26612.6 1320 11338.03 10128.96 21122.88 190 17.2 21330.08 0 3882.12 356.42 60 787 142.74 989.74 0 1158 223.6 0 0 70.02 70.02 0 0 6.1 38748.4 20162.24

TOTAL 51169.06 58069.89 49399.59 25568.62 2371.34 76.12

7 All India 104021.38 17742.85 1199.75 122963.98 4780

186654.62

ALL INDIA REGIONWISE GENERATING INSTALLED CAPACITY (MW) OF POWER

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Indian Power Sector Current Status

The installed capacity has grown from 1362 Mw in 1947 to 1,86,654 Mw until 2011( the world's fifth largest.) The per capita average annual domestic electricity consumption in India in 2009 was 96 kWh in rural areas and 288 kWh in urban areas for those with access to electricity, in contrast to the worldwide per capita annual average of 2600 kWh and 6200 kWh in the European Union.India's total domestic, agricultural and industrial per capita energy consumption estimate vary depending on the source. Two sources place it between 400 to 700 kWh in 20082009.As of January 2012, one report found the per capita total consumption in India to be 778 kWh. In December 2011, over 300 million Indian citizens had no access to electricity. Over one third of India's rural population lacked electricity, as did 6% of the urban population. Of those who did have access to electricity in India, the supply was intermittent and unreliable. In 2010, blackouts and power shedding interrupted irrigation and manufacturing across the country. India currently suffers from a major shortage of electricity generation capacity, even though it is the world's fourth largest energy consumer after United States, China and Russia.The International Energy Agency estimates India needs an investment of at least $135 billion to provide universal access of electricity to its population.

What Does Transmission and Distribution Means?

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What Does Transmission and Distribution Means?

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A typical distribution system can consist of:

Substations

Distribution

Feeder

Circuits Switches Protective Equipment Primary Circuits Distribution Transformers (Step

Down)

Aggregate Technical & Commercial (AT&C) loss State Wise

Between 30-40% Karnataka Kerala Assam Haryana Rajasthan Meghalaya Mizoram Chhattisgarh Above 40% Delhi Uttar Pradesh Bihar Jharkhand Madhya Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Manipur Nagaland

Less than 20% Between 20-30% Goa Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Gujarat West Bengal Himachal Pradesh Maharashtra Tripura Punjab Uttaranchal

Average transmission, distribution and consumer-level losses exceeding 30%.

Reasons of T & D losses

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Energy losses occur in the process of supplying electricity to consumers due to technical and commercial losses. The technical losses are due to energy dissipated in the conductors and equipment used for transmission, transformation, sub- transmission and distribution of power. The losses can be further sub grouped depending upon the stage of power transformation & transmission system as Transmission Losses (400kV/220kV/132kV/66kV), as Sub transmission losses (33kV /11kV) and Distribution losses (11kV/0.4kv). The commercial losses are caused by pilferage, defective meters, and errors in meter reading and in estimating unmetered supply of energy.

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Reasons for high technical losses

Inadequate investment on transmission and distribution, particularly in subtransmission and distribution. Haphazard growths of sub-transmission and distribution system with the shortterm objective of extension of power supply to new areas. Large scale rural electrification through long 11kV and LT lines. Too many stage of transformations ,Improper load management. Poor quality of equipment used in agricultural pumping in rural areas, cooler airconditioners and industrial loads in urban areas. Lengthy lines more than Standards and Over Loading of lines Abnormal operating conditions at which power and distribution transformers are operated Operation of Primary and secondary distribution system at low power factors. Loose connections at Joints in the system like at tapping of lines, Jumpering of at AB switch contacts, terminations at the transformer bushings Unequal load distribution among three phases in L.T system causing high neutral currents. Low voltages at consumer terminals causing higher drawl of currents by inductive loads. Installation of Distribution transformers away from load centers

Reasons for commercial losses

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Defects in metering system Defective meters, stuck up, burnt, slow, sluggish meters. Defects in billing system and Defective bill distribution. Billing errors , Wrong billing and Non billing. Improper categorization of services. Unmetered consumers. Other Reasons Tampered meters Direct tapping of lines Non Realization of revenue

A WEB of wires illegally tapping power... Rampant power theft has become the bane of the sector

Measures for reducing technical losses

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Short term measures Identification of the weakest areas in the distribution system and strengthening Improving them so as to draw the maximum benefits of the limited resources. Reducing the length of LT lines by relocation of distribution sub stations installations of additional distribution transformers (DTs). Installation of lower capacity distribution transformers at each consumer premises instead of cluster formation and substitution of DTs with those having lower no load losses such as amorphous core transformers. Installation of shunt capacitors for improvement of power factor.

Measures for reducing technical losses

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Long term measures Mapping of complete primary and secondary distribution system clearly depicting the various parameters such as conductor size line lengths etc. Compilation of data regarding existing loads, operating conditions, forecast of expected loads etc. Going for bulk power transmission through Ultra High Voltage lines like 765 KV .This will reduce transmission losses. This would be viable for Ultramega Power Projects of 1500 Mw and above. Carrying out detailed distribution system studies considering the expected load development during the next 8-10 years. Preparation of long-term plans for phased strengthening and improvement of the distribution systems along with associated transmission system. Estimation of the financial requirements for implementation of the different phases of system improvement works. Formulation of comprehensive system improvement schemes with detailed investment program so as to meet system requirement for first 5 years period.

PERCENTAGE REDUCTION IN LOSSES DUE TO IMPROVEMENT IN POWER FACTOR CALCULATION

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If a 11 KV feeder is having a load of 150 Amps at 0.8 P.F, the line losses of the feeder are proportional to (150)^2. If suitable capacitors are placed at load points and P.F of the 11 KV feeder is improved to unity the load current reduces to 120Amps & the feeder line losses will be proportional to (120)2 The reduction in the line losses is proportional to (150)2 (120)2 Percentage reduction in losses over original losses is ((150)2 (120)2 )X 100 / (150)2 = (152 - 122 )X 100 / 152 = 36 %. So reduction in percentage line losses due to improvement in Power Factor from 0.8 to 1.0 is 36%.

Measures for reducing Commercial/Non Technical losses

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Set up vigilance squads to check and prevent pilferage of energy. Severe penalties may be imposed on those tampering with the meter seals etc. Energy audits should be introduced and personal responsibility should be fixed on the district officers (executive engineers) for energy received and energy sales in each area. Installation of tamper-proof meter boxes and use of tamper-proof numbered seals. Providing adequate meter testing facilities. A time bound program should be chalked out for checking the meters, and replacement of defective meters with tested meters.

Government Actions 17

The central or the state governments should draw plans to provide financial support to the utilities for installations of meters on at least all the distribution transformers in a phased manner. It should be made obligatory for all the big industries as well as the utilities to carry out energy audit of their system to identify high loss areas and take remedial measures to reduce the same. Schemes for incentive awards to utilities who are able to reduce T&D losses beyond a certain pre-fixed limit. The financial institutions should be encouraged to provide easy loans to utilities for taking remedial measures to reduce the T&D losses. Publicity campaigns should be carried out to make the consumer aware of the high penalties on the unauthorized use of electricity. Utilities should prepare realistic power Master Plans for their systems to develop a strategy to meet the growing electricity demands of the different sectors of the states economy over the next 15 years.

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Thank You.