POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT BY UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER

INTROUCTION

VOLTAGE QUALITY voltage quality is concerned with deviations of the voltage from the ideal. the ideal voltage is a single frequency sine wave of constant frequency and constant magnitude.

CURRENT QUALITY current quality is concerned with deviations of the current from the ideal.
the ideal current is again a single frequency sine wave of constant . frequency and constant magnitude.

POWER QUALITY it is the combination of voltage quality and current quality.

Power quality is the concept of powering and grounding sensitive in a

matter that is suitable to the operation of that equipment.

POWER QUALITY ISSUES

SYSTEM LOAD

LOAD SYSTEM

Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage

sag/swell unbalance distortion interruption oscillations

Current harmonics Reactive current Current un balance Voltage notching Voltage flicker

Harmonics are components that make up a waveform where each component has a is normally applied to waveform components that have frequencies other than the fundamental frequency. For a 50 Hz or 60Hz system the fundamental frequency is 50HZ or 60Hz. A waveform that contains any components other than the fundamental frequency is nonsinusoidal and considered to be distorted.

Harmonics are associated with steady-state waveform distortion of currents and voltages

Harmonics

Nonlinear loads draw currents that are non-sinusoidal and thus create voltage drops in distribution conductors that are non-sinusoidal. Typical nonlinear loads include rectifiers, variable speed drives, and any other loads based on solid-state conversion. Transformers and reactors may also become nonlinear elements in a power system during overvoltage conditions. Harmonics create many concerns for utilities and customers alike. Typical phenomena include neutral circuit overloading in three phase circuits, motor and transformer overheating, metering inaccuracies and control system malfunctions.

OBJECTIVES

Classification of active power filters based on converter type based on topology base on number of phases Objective of UPQC

OUTLINE

LITERATURE SURVEY

GENERAL THEORY OF ACTIVE POWER FILTERS

IEEE 519 Voltage Limits

IEEE 519 Voltage Limits

Bus Voltage Minimum Individual Harmonic Components (%) 3 1.5 1 Maximum THD (%)

69 kV and below 115 kV to 161 kV Above 161 kV

5 2.5 1.5

IEEE 519 Current Limits

SCR=Isc/Il <20 20 - 50

h<11 4.0 7.0

11 to 17 2.0 3.5

17 to 23 1.5 2.5

23 to 35 0.6 1.0

35<h 0.3 0.5

THD 5.0 8.0

50 -100
100 - 1000 >1000

10.0
12.0 15.0

4.5
5.5 7.0

4.0
5.0 6.0

1.5
2.0 2.5

0.7
1.0 1.4

12.0
15.0 20.0

Classification of ACTIVE POWER FILTERS

based on converter type Current Source Inverter (CSI) Active Power Filter Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) Active Power Filter Voltage Source

FIG.1 Current fed type AF

Fig .2 Voltage fed type AF

Current fed type AF

Fig 3.2 Voltage fed type AF

Topology based Classification

Shunt type AF Series type AF UPQC

Fig.3 Shunt-type AF

Fig .4 Series-type AF

Fig 3.3 Shunt-type AF

Fig .6 Unified Power Quality Conditioner

Supply-System-Based Classification

1) Two-Wire AFs:
2) Three-Wire AFs:

3) AFs: 1) Three-Wire Four-Wire Three-Wire AFs

AFs:

Compensated Variable Based Classification

(1) Harmonic Compensation (2) Multiple Compensation

Harmonic Harmonic Harmonic Harmonic currents with Reactive power compensation. voltages with Reactive power compensation. currents and voltages. currents and voltages with reactive-power compensation.

Voltage Type Vs Current Type APFs

Operation of Three Phase Active Power Filters

Fig.7 Configuration of the three phase, three wire Active filtering system.

Sample and Hold circuits method for harmonic reference template

Fig 3.8 Control block of Sample and Hold circuit's harmonic reference template

Fig 3.8 Control block of Sample and Hold circuit's harmonic reference template

Fig 3.9 Method used to capture IP.

COMPARISION OF VARIOUS CONTROL 2) STRATAGIES Topology based Classification DESIGN FOR APFS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PWM MODULATOR

Introduction
Various modulation methods for single phase system

Error Saw tooth Control Fig 3.9 Method used to capture IP. Hysteresis control Sampled error control

Error Saw tooth Control

Fig 4.1 Block diagram of error saw tooth control.

Hysteresis control

Fig 4.2 Hysteresis control operation

Various modulation methods for threephase system

Three Phase Hysteresis Control Three Phase Hysteresis Control

Periodic Integral Control Three Phase Hysteresis Control Three Phase Sampled Error Control