Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Completed by : Mohammad Ibnul Hossain Executive Engineer (Operation) Tongi 80(105) MW GT Power Station Bangladesh Power Development Board E-mail : ibnulhossain@yahoo.com
What is Turbine ? A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid /gas flow and converts it into useful work . The simplest turbines have one moving part, a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades, or the blades react to the flow, so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor. Early turbine examples are windmills and water wheel.
2.Reaction
P1 V1
P2
Velocity-v, pressure-P
In Turbine ( Gas or Steam) : has Convergent Nozzle system and uniform blade system . Reaction Turbine has Convergent Blade system and uniform nozzle system
V1
Convergent Guide van Here : P1 >P2 V2> V1
P1
P2 V2
Constant Area Moving Blade
Fixed Blade
Moving Blade
V1
Constant Area Guide vane
P1
P2 V2
Fixed Blade
Moving Blade
1.There is expansion of steam is there , pressure is decreasing so there is increase in kinetic energy by increasing velocity . 2. the push or impulse of the gas impinging upon the blades
Reaction turbines create large amounts of axial thrust, and so require the use
Impulse Reaction Turbine reduces both the tangential and axial stress To the Rotor
The fixed blades are set in a reversed manner compared to the moving blades,
What is a Gas Turbine ? A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine which has rotary impeller type thermal power mechanism with gas or liquid as working medium . It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled to a downstream turbine, and a combustion Chamber in-between.
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Combustion chamber
Combustion chamber
Combustion chamber
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Combustion chamber
Combustion chamber
Combustion chamber
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
Combustion chamber
Generator
When the turbine starting system is actuated, ambient air is drawn through the inlet plenum assembly >>>>>>>>> filtered, >>>then compressed in the 17th stage, axial flow compressor the variable inlet guide vanes are in the closed position. When the speed corresponding to 95 per cent the variable inlet guide vane actuator energizes to open the inlet guide vanes (I.G.V.) to the normal turbine operating position
>>>Compressed air from the compressor flows into the annular space surrounding the fourteen combustion chambers >>>>from which it flows into the spaces between the outer combustion casings and the combustion liners. The fuel nozzles introduce the fuel into each of the fourteen combustion chambers where it mixes with the combustion air and is ignited by both (or one, which is sufficient) of the two spark plugs. >>>At the instant one or both of the two spark plugs equipped combustion chambers is ignited, the remaining combustion chambers are also ignited by crossfire tubes that connect the reaction zones of the combustion chambers
>>>The hot gases from the combustion chambers expand into the fourteen separate transition pieces attached to the aft end of the combustion chamber liners and flow towards the three stage turbine section of the machine.
>>>>Each stage consists of a row of fixed nozzles followed by a row of rotatable turbine buckets. In each nozzle row, the kinetic energy of the jet is increased with an associated pressure drop, and in each following row of moving buckets, a portion of the kinetic energy of the jet is absorbed as useful work on the turbine rotor.
After passing through the 3rd stage buckets, the exhaust gases are directed into the exhaust hood and diffuser
which contains a series of turning vanes to turn the gases from the axial direction to a radial direction thereby minimizing exhaust hood losses. Then, the gases pass into the exhaust plenum.
When the turbine starting system is actuated, ambient air is drawn through the inlet plenum assembly >>>>>>>>> filtered, >>>then compressed in the 17th stage, axial flow compressor the variable inlet guide vanes are in the closed position. When the speed corresponding to 95 per cent the variable inlet guide vane actuator energizes to open the inlet guide vanes (I.G.V.) to the normal turbine operating position
>>>Compressed air from the compressor flows into the annular space surrounding the fourteen combustion chambers >>>>from which it flows into the spaces between the outer combustion casings and the combustion liners. The fuel nozzles introduce the fuel into each of the fourteen combustion chambers where it mixes with the combustion air and is ignited by both (or one, which is sufficient) of the two spark plugs. >>>At the instant one or both of the two spark plugs equipped combustion chambers is ignited, the remaining combustion chambers are also ignited by crossfire tubes that connect the reaction zones of the combustion chambers
>>>The hot gases from the combustion chambers expand into the fourteen separate transition pieces attached to the aft end of the combustion chamber liners and flow towards the three stage turbine section of the machine.
>>>>Each stage consists of a row of fixed nozzles followed by a row of rotatable turbine buckets. In each nozzle row, the kinetic energy of the jet is increased with an associated pressure drop, and in each following row of moving buckets, a portion of the kinetic energy of the jet is absorbed as useful work on the turbine rotor.
After passing through the 3rd stage buckets, the exhaust gases are directed into the exhaust hood and diffuser
which contains a series of turning vanes to turn the gases from the axial direction to a radial direction thereby minimizing exhaust hood losses. Then, the gases pass into the exhaust plenum.
1. Air-Intake System. inlet plenum assembly 2. Inlet Guide Van (IGV). variable inlet guide vanes 3. Compressor. . compressor 4. Combustion Chamber. . combustion chambers combustion casings Combustion liner spark plugs crossfire tubes transition pieces
5. Turbine-Rotor. three stage turbine fixed nozzles rotatable turbine buckets turbine rotor.
6. Exhaust- Plenum or Chimney. exhaust hood and diffuser exhaust plenum turning vanes
Turbine Section
Air Inlet
Exhaust Section
Gas Turbine Auxiliaries Compressor Combustion Section Turbine Section
Rain hood
Air-Intake System :
To the BellMouth
Pre-filter
Pad
Pre-Filter Pad
Glass fiber pad with progressive density Strong resilient design Impregnated with gel-like adhesive High dust holding capacity Disposable
Air filtration is ensured by : Rain hood placed on the front of the filter housing. Bleed-heating device Pre-filters installed in the first stage of supporting frames. Coalescer pads installed against the front face of the high efficiency filter cells ; both filter elements placed in the second stage of supporting frames.
IGV
IGV opening
84
At Peak Load to keep the 84 exhaust temp. not beyond to 575 C (+5 C)
Compressor
Compressor
inlet guide vanes, The axial-flow compressor section consists of the compressor rotor and the inclosing casing. the 17 stages of rotor and stator blading, the exit guide vanes.
Compressor Structure
Inlet Guide Vane
Compressor Structure
Compressor cylinder
Compressor cylinder has 3 parts:
Compressor Structure
Forward casing
After casing
Compressor Structure
Discharge casing
Compressor Structure
Compressor outlet casing
compressor structure
Compressor vane: IGV, stationary blade and EGV (Exhaust Guide vane)
Stationary Blade
IGV
EGV
Compressor Structure
Stationary Blade (lower half of the Cylinder )
Compressor Structure
Compressor moving blade
Compressor Structure
compressor rotor Compressor rotor is a drum structure with 17 impellers (including a half shaft).17 impeller panels are tightly pulled by 16 long bolt pull rods to be integrated.
Working Principle : air is confined to the space between the rotor and stator blading >>>>compressed in stages by a series of alternate rotating (rotor) and stationary (stator) airfoil shaped blades. The rotor blades supply the force needed to compress the air in each stage and the stator blades guide the air so that it enters in the following rotor stage at the proper angle.
The compressed air exits through the compressor discharge casing to the combustion chambers. Air is extracted from the compressor for turbine cooling, for bearing sealing, and during start-up for pulsation control.
Combustion Section
Combustion Chamber
Main Components 1.Cap-Liner: 2.Primary Fuel Nozzle: 3.Secondary Fuel Nozzle: 4. Transition Piece (TP): 14 Nos 14 Nos 14 Nos 14 Nos
Combustion Chamber
Secondary Flame detector
Primary Flame Detector
Crossfire tube
TRASTION PIECE
FLOW SLEEVE
Cap-liner
Primary Nozzle
Tertiary Nozzle
Working Principle :
The combustion system is of the reverse-flow type with 14 combustion chambers This system also fuel nozzles, spark plug ignition system, flame detectors, and crossfire tubes. Hot gases, generated from burning fuel in the combustion chambers, are used to drive the turbine. High pressure air from the compressor discharge is directed around the transition pieces and into the combustion chambers liners. This air enters the combustion zone through metering holes for proper fuel combustion and through slots to cool the combustion liner. Fuel is supplied to each combustion chamber through a nozzle designed to disperse and mix the fuel with the proper amount of combustion air.
Combustion wrapper : The combustion wrapper forms a plenum in which the compressor discharge air flow is directed to the combustion chambers. Its secondary purpose is to act as a support for the combustion chamber assemblies . Combustion chambers : Discharge air from the axial flow compressor flows into each combustion flow sleeve from the combustion wrapper. The air flows up-stream along the outside of the combustion liner toward the liner cap. This air enters the combustion chamber reaction zone through the fuel nozzle swirl tip, through metering holes in both the cap and liner and through combustion holes in the forward half of the liner.
The hot combustion gases from the reaction zone pass through >>> a thermal soaking zone and >>>> then into a dilution zone where additional air is mixed with the combustion gases.
Metering holes in the dilution zone allow the correct amount of air to enter and cool the gases to the desired temperature.
Along the length of the combustion liner and in the liner cap are openings whose function is to provide a film of air for cooling the walls of the liner and cap as shown in figure.
1-fuel gas duct 2-outer casing 3-flame cylinder 4- fish-scale cooling hole 5-igniter 6-transition conic top 7-valve plate 8-fuel nozzle 9-swirler, 10- ejecting hole (for combustion ) 11-combustion area, 12-mixed ejecting hole (for cooling) 13-mixed area 14-annular chamber
Description : Each combustion chamber is equipped with a fuel nozzle that emits the metered amount required fuel into the combustion liner. Fuel nozzles are used in gas turbines burning gas. The fuel nozzle functions for proper distribution of the gas fuel into the reaction zone of the combustion Liner which promotes uniform, rapid and complete combustion.
TRANSITION PIECES Description : Transition pieces direct the hot gases from the liners to the turbine first stage nozzle. Thus, the first nozzle area is divided into 14 equal areas receiving the hot gas flow. Spark plugs : Combustion is initiated by means of the discharge from two high-voltage, non-retractable spark plugs bolted to flanges on the combustion chambers and mounted in a primary zone cup in adjacent combustors (N 11 and 12).
Flame detectors : During the starting sequence, it is essential that an indication of the presence or absence of flame be transmitted to the control system. For this reason, a flame monitoring system is used consisting of eight sensors, each pair installed on four combustion chambers (n 4 and 5, 10and 11 primary and secondary zone). Actuated by the ionization of the gas inside it by getting ultra-violet emission from the flame.
Turbine Structure
The requirements for turbine To bear high temperature To bear thermal stress and thermal shock To sustain heat alignment
Turbine Structure
Stator Turbine stator consists of gas cylinder, stationary blade and support, force transmission system. Stators are stationary part of turbine.
Turbine Structure
turbine cylinder
Turbine Structure
turbine structure
turbine exhaust casing
5-6 turbine exhaust casing 1- outer casing 2- inner casing 3- NO.3 bearing 4- exhaust diffuser 5- exhaust frame 6- exhaust casing support
THANK YOU