Application of Nanotechnology in Textile

Guided By -Selin madam Presented By - Trivedi Aditya - Bhavesh kataria - Joshi Parth

Introduction Nano fibers Nano finishing Smart Textile Conclusion

Introduction
Nanotechnology is the creation and use of particles one billionth of a meter for the manufacture of materials, products and devices.

The term Nano in Nanotechnology comes from a Greek word "Nanos" which means 'dwarf'. The dictionary meaning of dwarf is abnormally small. One nanometer is one billionth of a meter or 10-9 meters. One Nano meters is about 100000 times smaller than the diameter of the human hair.

Developments of Nanotechnology in textiles will have a twofold focus.

Upgrading existing functions in performances of textile materials

Developing smart and intelligent textiles with unprecedented functions.

Nano fibers
Manufacture method of Nano fibers
There are no of technique are available to produce the nano fiber. among those technique electro-spinning techniques has been proved successfully for industrial production

Electro spinning of nano fibers:

The Electro spinning technique can easily fabricate fictionalized nano fibers. This technique was invented in 1934, but there has not been wide spread research interest in this field till the mid 1990s

Electro spinning
PRINCIPLE : Electro spinning is unique approach using electrostatic forces to produce fibers.

Construction
The apparatus used for electro spinning is simple in construction, which consists of high voltage electric source with positive or negative polarity, a syringe pump with capillaries or tubes to carry the solutions from the syringe or pipette to the solution from the syringe or pipette to the spinneret and a conducting collector. The highly charged fibers are field directed towards the opposite charged collector, which can be a flat surface or a rotating drum to collect the fibers. The shape is according to the requirements.

Working
In the electro spinning process a high voltage is used to create an electrically charged stream of polymer solution or melt. A high voltage electrode is linked with the polymer solution. The solution is then spun thorough a capillary.

Due to a high voltage electric field between the tip of the capillary and a grounded collector, Taylor cone is formed at the tip of capillary producing sub-micron diameter fibers.
Fibers solidify as the polymer solvent and create an interlinked fiber layer of the surface of collector. Many types of polymers were processed into nano fibers of 50 to 1000 nanometers in diameter.

Application of nano fibers in Nonwoven web

Nonwoven fabrics composed of nano fibers have a large specific-surface area and small pore size as compared to commercial textiles making such nonwoven materials excellent candidates for filter and membrane applications.

With Nanotechnology

Without Nanotechnology

NANOFIBRES IN PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

The non-woven fibres of Polyethylene-oxide (PEO), Polycarbonate (PC) and Polyurethane (PU) using different fibre charging methods like electrostatic spinning And the infrared that the electro spun fibres have higher filtration efficiency than other non woven webs. PU and PC were found to have higher charge retention capacities than electro spun PEO fibres.

Thin nano-fibres layers over the conventionally used nonwoven filtration media for protective clothing.

 Polyurethane and nylon 6 nano-webs were applied over open cell foams and carbon beads and then tested for airflow resistance. They concluded that the airflow resistance, filtration efficiency and the pore sizes of nonwoven filter media could be altered by coating with the lightweight electro spun nano-fibres. Nano-crystalline metal oxides have created a new opportunity for decontaminating hazardous substances. When the size of the metal oxides reaches nano scale, surface reactivity increases due to high surface area allows their use for the effective decontamination of chemical warfare agents and related toxic substances.

Application
Polymer nano fibres have an already proven capability in molecular-level detection, Best suited for breathable fabric designs. Best materials for gas sensing and biosensor applications.

Electro-spun nanocomposite fabrics that will destroy or eliminate these toxins.

High porosity and decompose chemical and biological agents into harmless products.

Nano finishing
The first commercial application of Nano tech in textile and clothing industry is found in the form of Nano particle (some times called nano bead) through a finishing process, which is generally known as nano finishing.

Advanced finishes set up an unprecedented level of textile performances of stain-resistant, moisture content, anti-static& wrinkle resistant and shrink proof abilities.

Metal oxide in Textile application

Nano-size particles of Ti02, Al2O3, ZnO, and MgO are a group of metal oxides that possess photo catalytic ability, electrical conductivity, UV absorption and photo-oxidizing capacity against chemical and biological species in military protection gears and civilian health products. Nylon fiber filled with ZnO Nanoparticles can provide UV shielding function and reducing static electricity. A composite fiber with Nanoparticles of Ti02 / MgO can provide self-sterilizing function

WATER REPELLENCE
Nano-Tex improves the water-repellent property of fabric by creating nano-whiskers, which are hydrocarbons and 1/1000 of the size of a typical cotton fiber, that are added to the fabric to create a peach fuzz effect without lowering the strength of cotton.

The Swiss-based textile company Schoeller developed the Nano-Sphere to make water-repellent fabrics. Nano-Sphere impregnation involves a three-dimensional surface structure with gel-forming additives which repel water and prevent dirt particles from attaching themselves.

The mechanism is similar to the lotus effect occurring in nature, as demonstrated in Figure. Lotus plants have super hydrophobic surfaces which are rough and textured. Once water droplets fall onto them, water droplets bead up and, if the surface slopes slightly, will roll off.

ANTI MICROBIAL FINISH

The growth of bacteria and microorganisms in food or water is prevented when stored in silver vessels due to its antibacterial properties. The anti-bacterial properties of silver are now scientifically recognized. Silver ions have broad spectrum of anti microbial activities. The method of producing durable silver containing antimicrobial finish is to encapsulate a silver compound or nanoparticle with a fiber reactive polymer like poly (styrene comaleic anhydride).

Application
The treated yarns showed effective antimicrobial activity against: Various bacteria, fungi and chlamydia that included escherichia coli, citrobacter, bacillus subtilis etc. This finished goods is used in medical industry as a safe & effective means of controlling medical growth in the wound bed.

PHOTO CYCATALYIC SELF CLEANING FINISH

Advanced orientation processes that are combination of powerful oxidizing agents (catalytic initiators) with UV or near - UV light have been applied for the removal of organic pollutants and xenobiotics from textile effluent among them, TiO2 has been proved to be an excellent catalyst in the photo degradation of colorants and other organic pollutants. A sol mixture may be prepared at Room temp by mixing titanium tetraisopropoxide, ethanol and acetic acid in a molar ratio of 1:100:0.05 respectively.

 The fabric to be coated was dried at 1000C for 30 min, dipped in the above mentioned nanosol for 30sec and then pressed at a nip pressure of 2.75 kg/cm2 . The pressed substrates were then dried then at 800C for 10 min in a pre-heated oven to drive off ethanol and finally cured at 1000C for 5 min in a pre-heated curing oven. Nano sized TiO2 particles show high photo catalytic activities because they have a large surface area per unit mass and volume as well as diffusion of the electron/ holes before recombination.
This finish have anti bacterial properties after having been subject to 55 washes through home laundry machine & UV protection characteristics for 20 washes.

UV PROCTIVE FINISH
The rays in the wavelength region of 150 to 400 nm are known as ultraviolet radiations.

The UV-blocking property of a fabric is enhanced when a dye, pigment, delustrant, or ultraviolet absorber finish is present that absorbs ultraviolet radiation and blocks it. Metal oxides like ZnO as UV-blocker are more stable when compared to organic UV-blocking agents.
Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes deflect the Harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun, and protecting the skin from potential damage. This protection is expressed as SPF (Sun Protection Factor), higher the SPF Value better is the protection against UV

Wrinkle resistance
To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric, resin is commonly used in conventional methods. However, there are limitations to applying resin, including a decrease in the tensile strength of fibre, abrasion resistance, water absorbency and dye-ability, as well as breathability.

To overcome the limitations of using resin, some researchers employed nano-titanium dioxide and nano-silica to improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively.

Wrinkle Resistance
Nano-titanium dioxide was employed with carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to catalyse the cross-linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid.

On the other hand, nano-silica was applied with maleic anhydride as a catalyst; the results showed that the application of nano-silica with maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle resistance of silk.

Characteristics of NANO FINISHING in garments

Nano-processed garments have protective coating, which is water and beverage repellent.

eye.

Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked

When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm, the structure of the processed clothing becomes more compressed. This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant. Saving time and laundering cost. technology embraces environmental friendly

This properties.

...

 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption, resulting in enhanced breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material.

The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat.

Nano-processed products are toxic free.

Garments stay bright, fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials.
Manufacturing cost is low, adding value to the products.

Application in Smart Textile

Molecular nanotechnology will make changes that are more radical by integrating computers, sensors, and micro- and nano machines with materials. Micro pumps and flexible micro tubes could transport coolant or a heated medium to needed parts of clothing.

Semi-permeable membrane to allow only particular kinds of molecules (Water) through, to keep one side of a fabric dry or another side wet. Computers would direct the cells, powered with small electrostatic motors, to adjust their relative spacing with the screws. By tightening and loosening the screws, the shape of an item could change to conform to the needs of the user.

 Fabrics could be of self-cleaning by robotic devices similar to mites could periodically scour the fabric surfaces and integral conveyors could transport the dirt to a collection site, or the previously mentioned molecule-selective membrane could transport water to one side or the other for a cleaning rinse. Nano sensing objects embedded in a fabric is shown in the figure.

Fabrics could be of self-repairing with sensors to detect discontinuities in the material via loss of signal or a reported strain overload and send robotic crews to repair damages. The virtual environment for the nano robot is shown in the figure.

CONCLUSION Nano finishes being developed substrates are at their infantile stage. for textile

The probability of the type of commercial finishing applications covered in this article occurring within the next few years is quite high. Nano finishing can replaced traditional finishing technique of textile products and readymade clothing with products of superior quality and lower production costs.

Electro - spinning

Lotus effect

Smart Textile