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Gastric secretion is a colorless, watery, acidic, digestive fluid produced in the stomach . Physical properties; It is a watery fluid, that has a pale yellow colour , pH is 1-3 , the volume secreted per day is 2-3 L . The stomach is famous for its secretion of acid, but acid is only one of four major secretory products of the gastric epithelium, all of which are important either to the digestive process or to control of gastric function. Chemical composition; It is 97-99% water , it contains inorganic salts ,and organic components that include ,mucin, digestive enzymes , hormones .
Digestive system
Goblet cells or mucus cells:are mucous cells, which cover the entire lumenal surface and extend down into the glands as "mucous neck cells". These cells secrete a bicarbonate-rich mucus that coats and lubricates the gastric surface, and serves an important role in protecting the epithelium from hydrochloric acid and pepsin and other chemical insults.
Chief cells:
It secrets pepsinogen(zymogen). Once secreted, pepsinogen is activated by stomach acid into the active protease pepsin, which is largely responsible for the stomach's ability to initiate digestion of proteins. In young animals, chief cells also secrete rennin a protease that helps coagulate milk allowing it to be retained more than briefly in the stomach The epithelium cells also produce important hormones gastrin a peptide that is important in control of acid
Synthesize and secrete the protease precursor known as pepsinogen. Synthesize and secrete the HCl acid responsible for the acidic pH in the gastric lumen.
HCl Functions
Makes gastric juice very acidic.
Denatures ingested proteins (alter tertiary structure) so become more digestible.
HCl Production
Parietal cells secrete H+ into gastric lumen by primary active transport, through H+/ K+ ATPase pump. Parietal cells basolateral membrane takes in Clagainst its electrochemical gradient, by coupling its transport with HC0 -.
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome:
Ulcers of the duodenum are produced by excessive gastric acid secretions.
Helicobacter pylori:
Bacterium that resides in GI tract that may produce ulcers.
Acute gastritis:
Histamine released by tissue damage and inflammation stimulate further acid secretion.
HCl Production
Parietal cells secrete H+ into gastric lumen by primary active transport, through H+/ K+ ATPase pump. Parietal cells basolateral membrane takes in Clagainst its electrochemical gradient, by coupling its transport with HC0 -.
Cephalic Phase
Stimulated by sight, smell, and taste of food. Activation of vagus: Stimulates chief cells to secrete pepsinogen. Directly stimulates G cells to secrete gastrin. Directly stimulates ECL cells to secrete histamine. Indirectly stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl.
Gastric Phase
Arrival of food in stomach stimulates the gastric phase. Gastric secretion stimulated by:
Distension. Chemical nature of chyme (amino acids and short polypeptides). Stimulates G cells to secrete gastrin. Stimulates chief cells to secrete pepsinogen. Stimulates ECL cells to secrete histamine. Histamine stimulates secretin of HCl. Positive feedback effect.
As more HCl and pepsinogen are secreted, more polypeptides and amino acids are released.
2. Gastric Phase of
FOOD
HCl HCl
Distension Peptides
G circulation G circulation
gastrin
gastrin
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2. Gastric Phase of
FOOD
HCl HCl
Distension Peptides
G circulation G circulation
gastrin
gastrin
Peptic ulcers:
Erosions of the mucous membranes of the stomach or duodenum produced by action of HCl.