Before we start.

- Which kind of verb can be changed into a passive voice? A transitive verb (requires an object.) - How many kinds of passive voice? There are 3 kinds of passive voice - Passive voice in statement - Passive voice in question - Passive voice in command - Why do we have to use the passive voice? - - To emphasize the receiver of the action - - Not to reveal the performer of the action

Before we start.
- What is the most important part of passive voice? Answer is variable : object , verb to be, past participial form of verb (Verb3) - What can be omitted in the passive voice and why? An object which is not specified or we can call it as indefinite pronoun.

Introduction : Verbs and Voice

Voice is the form a verb takes to indicate whether the subject of the verb performs or receives the action. There are two types of voice: active voice and passive voice.

Passive Voice

In a passive voice sentence, the subject and object flip-flop. The subject becomes the passive recipient of the action. Because the subject is being "acted upon" (or is passive), such sentences are said to be in the passive voice.

Active Voice

Active Voice indicates that the subject of the verb is acting Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are said to be in the active voice.

Reasons to Use the Active Voice

Most writers prefer to use active voice because it is more direct. Compare

Active: The waiter dropped the tray of food. Passive: The tray of food was dropped by the waiter.

Reasons to Use the Active Voice

The active voice is less awkward and clearly states relationship between subject and action. Compare Passive: Your request for funding has been denied by the review committee. Active: The review committee denied your request for funding. The active voice sentence pattern propels the reader forward through your writing thus avoiding weak prose.

When to Use Passive Voice

In general, the passive voice is less direct, less forceful, and less concise than the active voice.

Use the passive voice in the following situations:

Use passive voice when you do not know or do not want to reveal the performer of an action. Use passive voice when you want to emphasize the receiver of an action.

Group 1
Passive Voice in Statement

TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE

The Simple Present Tense Active: S + V(s/es) + O

Passive: S + am/is/are + PP + by + O EX: He reads books every day.

Books are read (by him) every day.

TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE

The Present Continuous Tense

Active: S + am/is/are + V-ing + O Passive: S + am/is/are + being +PP + by + O

EX: He is writing a novel at the moment.

A novel is being written (by him) at the moment.

TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE

The Present Perfect Tense

Active: S + Has/Have + V3ed + O Passive: S + has/have + been +PP + by + O

EX: He has just finished a novel. A novel has just been finished (by him).

TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE

The Past Simple Tense

Active: S + V2ed + O

Passive: S + was/were + PP + by + O

EX: He gave Tom a book. A book was given to Tom (by him). Tom was given a book (by him).

TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE

The Past Continuous Tense Active: S + was/were + V-ing + O

Passive: S + was/were + being + PP + by + O

EX: He was writing a letter at 8.00 yesterday. A letter was being written (by him).

TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE

The Past Perfect Tense

Active: S + had + V3ed + O Passive: S + had + been + PP + by + O

EX: He had finished his homework before 8.00 yesterday. His homework had been finished (by him) before 8.00 yesterday.

TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE

The Future Simple Tense

Active: S + will/shall + V + O

Passive: S + will/shall + be + PP + by + O

EX: He will finish the homework. The homework will be finished.

TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE

The Future Continuous Tense

Active: S + will/shall + be + V-ing + O

Passive: S + will/shall + be + being + PP + by + O

EX: Tom will be cooking lunch at 10.00 tomorrow. Lunch will be being cooked by Tom at 10.00 tomorrow.

TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE

To be going to

Active: S + V to be + going + to + V stem form

Passive: S + V. to be + going + to+ be + PP + by + O

EX: I am going to finish my homework.

My homework is going to be done (by me).

TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE

The Future Perfect Tense

Active: S + will/shall + have + V3ed + O

Passive: S + will/shall + have + been + PP + by + O

EX: By the end of next week, he will have

written 10 letters to her. By the end of next week, 10 letters will have been written to her.

Group 2
Passive Voice in Question

PASSIVE VOICE IN INTEROOGATIVE FORM

How to change : 1 . Change the interrogative form into the statement form. - Did she buy this book? She bought this book.

PASSIVE VOICE IN INTERROGATIVE FORM

How to change : 2 . Then change the active form into the passive form. - She bought this book? This book was bought by her.

PASSIVE VOICE IN INTERROGATIVE FORM

How to change : 3 .Finally, change the passive form into the interrogative form again . - This book was bought by her. Was this book bought (by her)?

PASSIVE VOICE IN WH-QUESTION

How to change : 1 . Change the wh-question form into the statement form. - Where did she place it? She placed it. (where)

PASSIVE VOICE IN WH-QUESTION

How to change : 2. Change the statement form from active voice into passive voice. - She placed it. (where) It was placed (by her). (where)

PASSIVE VOICE IN WH-QUESTION

How to change : 3. Change the passive voice into the question word again. - It was placed (by her). (where) Where was it placed (by her)?

Group 3
Passive Voice in Command

PASSIVE VOICE IN COMMAND

Passive : Let + object +be + V(past participial form)
Active : Clean it.

Let it be cleaned

PASSIVE VOICE IN COMMAND (NEGATIVE)

Passive : Let + object + not+ be + V( pp form)
Active : Dont shut the window.

Let this window not be shut.

Extra Passive
Passive Voice in Other Forms

Modal Verbs can be used in either the present or past forms. Active: S + MV (not) + V + O

MODAL VERBS (MV) IN PASSIVE VOICE

Passive: S + MV (not) + Be + PP + by + O EX: We cant solve this problem.

This problem cant be solved.

OTHER INFINITIVE COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE

Verbs of liking/loving/wanting/wishing + Object + infinitive form their passive with the passive infinitive. Active: S + V + O1 + to-infinitive + O2 Passive: S + V + O + To Be + PP EX: He wants someone to take photographs. He wants photographs to be taken.

Such verbs as have/let/make/hear/see/watch/feel/ observe are used in the following passive structure:

Active: S + V + O + V (BI) Passive: S + To Be + PP + to-Infinitive EX: The gravity makes things drop down.
Things are made to drop down by the gravity. Note: The verb following let does not bear to in the passive sentence.

OTHER INFINITIVE COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE

With advise/beg/order/recommend/urge + Indirect Object + Infinitive + Object, we have two ways of making the passive voice. <1>Active: S + V + O1 + to-infinitive + O2 Passive: S + To Be + PP + to-infinitive + O2 EX: He urged the Council to reduce the tax. The Council was urged to reduce the tax.

OTHER INFINITIVE COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE

With advise/beg/order/recommend/urge + Indirect Object + infinitive + Object, we have two ways of making the passive voice. <2>Active: S + V + O1 + to-infinitive + O2 Passive: S1 + V + that + S2 + should be + PP EX: He urged the Council to reduce the tax. He urged that the tax should be reduced.

OTHER INFINITIVE COMBINATIONS AFTER THE PASSIVE VERB

After acknowledge/assume/believe/claim/ consider /estimate/feel/find/know/report/ say/think /understand , we use the infinitive construction. Simple Infinitive: if the time in the infinitive passive is the same as that of the main active verb.

<1>Active: S1 + V1 + that + S2 + V2 + (O) Passive: It + To Be + PP + that + S2 + V2 + (O) EX: People said that he was jealous of her. It was said that he was jealous of her.

<2>Active: S1 + V1 + that + S2 + V2 + (O) Passive: S+ To Be + PP + to + V+ (O) EX: People said that he was jealous of her. He was said to be jealous of her.

Perfect Infinitive: if the time in the infinitive

passive is earlier than that of the main active verb. <1>Active: S1 + V1 + that + S2 + V2 + (O)

Passive: It + To Be + PP + that + S2 + V2 + (O) EX: People say that he was jealous of her. It is said that he was jealous of her.

<2>Active: S1 + V1 + that + S2 + V2 + (O)

Passive: S+ To Be + PP + to have + PP + (O) EX: People say that he was jealous of her. He is said to have been jealous of her.

OTHER GERUND COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE

With advise/insist/propose/recommend /suggest + Gerund + Object Active: S + V + V-ing + O Passive: S + V + that + S + should be + PP EX: He recommended using bullet-proof glass. He recommended that bullet-proof glass should be used.

OTHER GERUND COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE

Active: S + V + O + V-ing Passive: S + V + Being + PP + by + O EX: I remembered my father taking me to the zoo. I remember being taken to the zoo by my father.

Active: S + V + To-inf + O
Passive: S + V + To Be + PP + by + O EX: She started to learn English 5 years ago. English started to be learnt 5 years ago. Active: S + V + V-ing + O Passive: S + V + Being + PP + by + O EX: She started learning English 5 years ago. English started being learnt 5 years ago.

VERB EXPRESSING EMOTION

- Verb of feeling 1. We use past participles to describe how they feel: Structure: S + Verb of feeling + O. Example : The test disappoints them.

VERB EXPRESSING EMOTION

- Verb of feeling 2. We use past participles to describe how they feel: The subject is always person. Structure: S + Verb to be + Verb of feeling + Prep + O. Example : I am interested in this book.

VERB EXPRESSING EMOTION

- Verb of feeling 3. We use present participles to describe what caused the feelings. Structure: S + Verb to be + Verb of feeling (Pre. PP form)

Example : This subject is very boring.

Can you remember all of them?

Your answerI am waiting for your replies.

End of the lesson .. Have fun with you lesson

Do you have any question to ask me about the passive voice and active voice?