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Rf
Vin
Rin V 1 Iin
If
inverting
Vout
non-inverting
Have operational amplifiers Gain ~ 106 Input impedance ~ 100 M W Output impedance ~ 100 W Problems Gain too high
slightest input noise causes max output
Other problems to be discussed later Solutions Use feedback Gain depends only on resistance: Rf / Rin
can control precisely
Op amp V1 = (Vout - Vin) Rin/(Rin+Rf) + Vin Vout = -A V1 Vout = -Vin (Rf / Rin) / [1 + (1+ Rf / Rin)/A] Small gain: Vout = -A Vin Rf / (Rf + Rin) ~ divider Large gain: Vout = -Vin (Rf / Rin) Note: V1 = -Vout / A ~ 0
Differential amplifier
Op amp output actually depends on voltage difference at two inputs Vout = - (Vin1 - Vin2) (Rf / Rin) Insensitivity to common voltage at both inputs = CMRR Real op amps have problems with unbalanced input impedance Solution: Add input resistor and pot. Op amp with built-in resistors = instrumentation amp. Non-ideal op-amp Rf
Ideal op-amp circuit
Vin1 Vin2
Rin
Rf Vin1
Rin
Vout
Rin V 1
inverting
+
~ Rf
Vout
non-inverting
Vin2
Integrators
Put capacitor in op amp feedback path Vout = - Vin (Zf / Rin) = - Vin / (2 p j f C Rin) Similar to low pass filter in high frequency limit
except applies to low frequencies also can show large gain near dc
>60dB
log(Vout/Vin)
Cf
Vout
Phase shift
log( f )
Shunted integrator
Limit dc gain Advantages:
dc input voltage no longer saturates op amp output prevents servo runaway
Dis-advantages
long term errors not well corrected by servo
Gain response
Shunted integrator
Rf
log(Vout/Vin)
Vout
Phase shift
log( f )
Real op amp
Op amp without feedback Acts like shunted integrator Stability condition: unity gain freq. before second pole otherwise feedback becomes positive
oscillation
Gain response
Max gain
log(Vout/Vin)
0
log( f ) Double pole 12 dB
Real op amp
Vin
Vout
Phase shift
Phase response
0 degrees
log( f )
-90 degrees
-180 degrees
Gain response
Single pole 6 dB
Min gain
Cf If Vin
Rf
0 log( f )
Rin V 1
Iin
Phase response
Vout
Phase shift
log( f )
Summing amplifier
High gain forces V1 ~ 0 Feedback current must cancel input current Generalize to multiple inputs
Vout = -Rfeedback S Iin = -(Rf / Rin) SVin Works because V1 ~ 0 Op amp
Rf
Vin
Rin
If Iin V1
inverting
Vout
non-inverting
Summing amplifier
Op amp input is summing junction Useful for combining multiple inputs
Summing amplifier
Rin1
Summing junction
Rf
Rin2
Rin3 Iin V1
If
Vout
Drift-compensated integrator
Real op amps have leakage current Can saturate integrator Compensate with dc current to summing junction
Drift-compensated integrator
Vout
Rc
Ic
-V
Trans-impedance amplifiers
Input is current source
model as voltage source with high impedance Iin = Vsource / Zsource Vout = -Zfeedback Vsource/ Zsource = -Iin Zfeedback
Trans-impedance amplifier
Trans-impedance amplifier
current in, voltage out gain expressed in Ohms
Current source
Vsource Zsource
Rf If Iin V1
inverting
Vout
non-inverting
Iin
V1
Photodiode amplifier
Photodiode like current source but with capacitor Input capacitor causes op amp gain to diverge at high freq.
Amplifies high freq noise Oscillation Photo-diode amplifier
Shunt capacitor
light Gain response
Unshunted
Solution:
Shunt capacitor in feedback
Cs Rf If
Vbias Ipd
log(Vout/Iin)
Vout
Shunted
log( f )
Rs
switch
Cf If Rin V 1 Iin
+15V
Vout
-15V