Structural analysis

Preprocessing : Imp. aspects

1. Cross section of beam
Haunched beam ( varying cross-section ) :
Discretize the beam into many cross section with constant
cross-section.
2. Connection
Moment connection or shear connection
Releases in STAAD
3. Modeling of floor rigidity
Presence of a rigid diaphragm such as concrete slab.
Master slave method in STAAD to consider this effect.

Preprocessing : Imp. aspects
1. Load & Load combination
Load distribution pattern : yield line theory or one way
distribution
2. Initial sizing of member
1. Concrete : Sizes as per architectural requirement or L/d
ratio given in IS-456
2. Steel : Slenderness ratio limits IS800 or approximate
member sizes that can carry the imposed load when it is
fixed or pinned on both ends.
3. Structure must be stable



FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
1. Idealization of structure.
2. Discretization into elements
3. Develop stiffness matrices and force matrix.
4. Application of boundary condition
5. Solve for the displacement at the nodes
6. Solve for internal forces (shear or moment)



IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Check the maximum deflection
L/300 or L/200 or refer ISCODE or Design basis
2. Optimize the structure
Changing structural arrangement or modifying the member




Dynamic Models
1. Earth quake forces, Rotating machine ( e.g Pump,
Blower, Compressor) vibration.
2. Dynamic analysis methods- seismic coeff., response
spectrum,
3. Machine foundations Block type
4. Table Top machine foundation




TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE ANALYSIS

LINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
This method is mainly suitable for regular buildings which respond
primarily within the elastic range.
Equivalent static load procedure or seismic coefficient method is
specified in most of the design codes.
A set of static loads are calculated based on the fundamental period of
the structure and the seismic conditions at site (zone, importance factor,
soil type).
The loads are distributed along the height of the building in a manner
consistent with the first mode shape.
This analysis is normally performed either by manual calculations or
using any analysis software.
Response spectrum
1. Calculates time periods for a set of Modes
2. Calculation Sa/g for each mode utilizing time period and
damping for each mode.
3. Calculation of design horizontal acceleration Ak for different
modes.
4. Calculates mode participation factor for different modes.
5. The peak lateral seismic force at each floor in each mode is
calculated.
6. All response quantities (shear force, deflection ) for each
mode are calculated.
7. The peak response quantities are then combined as per
method (CQC or SRSS or ABS) to get the final results




Example: Five-Story Shear Frame
Earthquake analysis procedure
procedure described above is
implemented for the five- story
shear frame subjected to the El
Centro ground motion. The
results presented are
accompanied by interpretive
comments that should assist us
in developing an understanding
of the response behavior of
multistory buildings.
System Properties
The lumped mass m
j
= m=100 kips/g at each floor
Lateral stiffness of each story = k
j
=k=31.54 kips/in.
Height of each story = 12 ft
Damping ratio for all natural modes=
n
=5%
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
1 1
1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2
1
1
1
1
1
k k m m
Natural Mode Shapes

=
334 . 0
895 . 0
173 . 1
078 . 1
641 . 0
641 . 0
173 . 1
334 . 0
895 . 0
078 . 1
895 . 0
641 . 0
078 . 1
334 . 0
173 . 1
078 . 1
334 . 0
641 . 0
173 . 1
895 . 0
173 . 1
078 . 1
895 . 0
641 . 0
334 . 0
5 4 3 2 1
| | | | |
System Properties (Contd..)
Modal Properties
{ }
{ } . sec 2966 . 0 3383 . 0 4346 . 0 6852 . 0 0 . 2 T
sec / rad 1810 . 21 5708 . 18 4561 . 14 1703 . 9 1416 . 3 w
ni
i
=
=
Modal Expansion of m1
Modal Static Responses
Effective Modal Masses and Modal Heights
Effective modal masses M
n
*
= V
bn
st

Effective modal height h
n
*
= M
bn
st
/ V
bn
st

Obsrve that M
n
*
=5m= m
j
; h
n
*
M
n
*
=15 mh =h
j
m
j

Solution:
2m
m
L
L
=
0
3m
M
b1
st
=2.069m
L
M
b1
st
=0.931 mL
1.218m
0.851m
0.851m
1.782m
Solution
(Contd..)
)
`

+
)
`

=
)
`

+ =
)
`

=
)
`

= =
)
`

=
)
`

= =
= = =
= = =
=
)
`

= =
=
)
`

= =
)
`

=
)
`

=
=
=
851 . 0
782 . 1
m
851 . 0
218 . 1
m
0
3
m s s s
851 . 0
782 . 1
m
431 . 1
1
m
m 3
594 . 0 m s
851 . 0
218 . 1
m
097 . 2
1
m
m 3
406 . 0 m s
594 . 0 , m 048 . 5 M , m 3 L , Similarly
406 . 0
m 397 . 7
m 3
M
L
397 . 7
097 . 2
1
m
m 3
097 . 2 1 m M
m 3
0
1
m
m 3
097 . 2 1 m L
431 . 1
1
;
097 . 2
1
mL
EI
874 . 1 w
;
mL
EI
6987 . 0 w
2 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
1
1
1
1
T
1 1
T
1 1
2 1
3
2
3
1
| I
| I
I
I
| |
i |
| |
Other useful methods
1. Method of section : widely used in calculation of internal
forces in combined footing







M = summation ( P
i
* X
i
) where Pi is the pressure or axial load on
column
Treat the footing as a beam in equilibrium subjected to axial
load /bending moment from the columns and a soil pressure
from below.
Find out the moment and shear forces at some points along
the assumed beam.





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