Smart Grid Vision:

Vision for a Holistic Power

Supply and Delivery Chain

Stephen Lee
Senior Technical Executive
Power Delivery & Utilization

November 2008
 Smart Grid
Two Way Communications….Sensors…….Intelligence

Hype
Smart
Grid

Need an Objective Assessment of the Potential for Smart Transmission and the
Path to Achieve it

© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 2

 End-to-End Power Delivery Chain Operation &
Planning
Power Plants
Transmission System
Distribution System
Fuel Supply System

Renewable Plants

Fuel Source/Storage

Energy Storage
End-uses & DR

Controllers
Sensors

Data Communication
M

ZIP
Wide Area Control
Dynamic Power Plant Models Dynamic Load Models

Monitoring, Modeling, Analysis, Coordination & Control

© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 3

 Most Needed Capabilities Requiring Research

• Hierarchical
Integration of Entire
Chain End-to-End
Outage Dynamic Supply & Delivery
Integration Management
Dispatch Models Chain
• Optimal End-to-End
Dispatch under
Uncertainties
• Dynamic Models of
Security
Generators and
Network Management
Loads
Data Management • Online Alarm Root-
Cause Diagnostics
• Prevention of
Cascading Outages,
Safety Nets
• Fast System
Alarm Restoration After
Management Blackouts
Restoration
SCADA Protection

© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 4

 MW Tehachapi, California Wind Generation in April – 2005

Could you predict the energy production for this wind park
700 either day-ahead or 5 hours in advance?

600 Each Day is a different color.

−Day 29
500
−Day 9
400

300 −Day 5
−Day 26

200
−Average

100

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Source: California ISO Hour
© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 5
 Methods of Coping with Wind Uncertainty

• Short-Term Potential wind curtailment
350

– Better wind forecasting 300

1-min MW

– Carry more operating and spinning 250

200
fcst 1

fcst 2

reserve to handle up and down ramps 150

fcst 3

of wind output 100

– Rapid coordination with demand 50

response and energy storage

Sep06 12:00

Sep06 14:24

Sep06 16:48

Sep06 19:12

Sep06 21:36

Sep07 00:00

Sep07 02:24
• Long-Term
– Build more energy storage, e.g.,
Compressed Air Energy Storage
(CAES)
– Controllable demand response
– Holistic planning of transmission,
generation and demand
• Virtual Service Aggregator CAES

© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 6

 Potential Role of the Virtual Service Aggregator

Traditional
Traditional
Power Plants
Power Plants

Transmission
Transmission
Grid
Grid
Renewable End
Renewable
Resources EndUses
Uses
Resources and
and
Distributed
Distributed
Resources
Resources
Real
RealRegional
Regional
Energy Control
ControlCenter
Center
Energy
Storage
Storage

Financial
Settlement of
Net Difference

Virtual Power Flow

Virtual
Service
Service Financial
Aggregator
Aggregator Transaction
SS
© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 7
 Alarm Management

Alarm Management
• Need to diagnose root-cause of
alarm messages
• Need to link diagnosis to operator
procedure
• Current EMS alarm management
uses technologies of the 1970s
• Need to integrate all sources of data
and messages, through a
hierarchical approach

© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 8

 Why Accurate Load and Generator Models Are
Needed?
Hassayampa 500 kV

• Inadequacy of current model  

data 1

– Inaccurate voltage recovery 0.8

simulation after disturbances

Voltage (pu)
0.6
– Uncertainty about generator Measured
reactive power capabilities 0.4 Simulated H=0.3
Simulated H=0.03

• Implications 0.2
Simulated H=0.05
Simulated H=0.1
Simulated H=0.2

– Uncertainty about the 0 

Simulated H =0.5

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

stability margin of the power Time (seconds)

grid
– Unaware of real risk of
cascading blackouts or
voltage collapse, or
– Under utilization of available
stability margin for greater
economic benefits Southern Co.’s GenVARRTM

© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 9

 Effective System Restoration Can Reduce The
Societal Impact Of Widespread Blackouts
Major Power System Disturbances
70

1 - 2003 NE
60
Restoration Objectives:
▪ Minimize Duration of Outages
•Operators need
50 ▪ Minimized Unserved Loads online decision
▪ Avoid Equipment Danage
support for
Load Lost in GW

40 restoration
strategies
30
6 - 1996 WSCC •How can
automation be used
20 2 - 1965 NE
to improve system
4 - 1982 WSCC 5 - 1996 WSCC restoration?
10
3 - 1977 NYC
7 - 1998 MW
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Duration in Hours
Source: Mike Adibi, NSF/EPRI Workshop on Understanding and Preventing Cascading Failures in Power Systems, Oct 28, 2005.

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 Prevention of Cascading Outages – Safety Nets

• Application of SynchroPhasor
Measurements for Controlled
Separation, Load Shedding and
Generation Rejection
– Controlled separation is an
effective last resort to mitigate
severe cascading failures
– Voltage Instability Load
Shedding
– Online risk monitoring of
potential cascading outages

© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 11

 Thank you

© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 12