Optical Taxonomy

The Optical Networking Taxonomy
Telcordia Contact:
Haim Kobrinski (732) 758-5388 hkob@research.telcordia.com
Release 5/17/02
An SAIC Company Copyright Telcordia Technologies, 2002
Robert J. Runser (301) 688-1410 rrunser@research.telcordia.com
Telcordia Technologies Proprietary Internal Use Only This document contains proprietary information that shall be distributed, routed or made available only within Telcordia Technologies, except with written permission of Telcordia Technologies.
Outline
Introduction - Purpose, Scope
Part I: Optical Networking Taxonomy
Network Topologies - Backbone, Metro, Access Matching solutions to network segments System characteristics and functionality
Part II: Solution Details and Relevant Players

Pure solutions Emerging hybrid solutions NC&M/signaling Carrier Implementations: Backbone, Metro, Access
Part III: Network Control and Management aspects

EMS/NMS Functions, Products, and Vendors Control Plane
Glossary
See Restrictions on Title Page
Taxonomy_v0430 2
Purpose and Scope of Document

Purpose
explain the different optical networking solutions (trees) and how they fit together (forest) map solutions to players dominant system suppliers and typical users (carriers)
Scope
starting at systems level (i.e., does not include components, subsystems, or device technologies) focus on optical layer with Layer 2/3 aspects where relevant does not cover: non-optical local networks, non-optical residential access, RF wireless systems focus on the technology not the financials of the market does not provide comprehensive coverage of all start-up vendors but points out relevant examples where applicable
Please consult the slide notes found on most viewgraphs for additional explanation and details
Taxonomy_v0430 3
Part I: Optical Networking Taxonomy
Taxonomy_v0430 4
Overall Network Topology

Core IXC Network
HUB CO
HUB CO Metro Network HUB CO CO Inter-Office Facilities Collector Ring CO CO HUB CO VIP
VIP
ISP
VIP = Video Information Provider ISP = Internet Service Provider ONU = Optical Network Unit ONT = Optical Network Termination POS = Passive Optical Splitter PON = Passive Optical Network
O N U
DSLAM
ISP
Access
Business Access Ring
DLC
xDSL
DLC
ADM
POS
IP, GbE LAN ONT ONT PON
xDSL
Taxonomy_v0430 5
Core Network Characteristics

Carriers: IXCs, National ISPs, National PTTs Services: Interconnect ISPs/ILECs/CLECs/corporations, wide area VPNs
Geographic Span: Over 500 km

Economic Sensitivities: cost of regeneration/amplification, fiber/cable build out, long haul physical impairments
Less sensitive to cost of terminal equipment, network operations
Traffic Characteristics: highly aggregated circuit traffic (IXCs) and packet/cell traffic (ISPs) Signal Rates/Formats: few including 2.5G, 10G, 40G and carried in SONET/SDH, PDH
Emerging formats: Digital Wrapper, Ethernet formats
QoS: highest performance levels - BER, packet loss, delay, protection/restoration Critical choices: minimize cost per bit - ULH vs LH, transparency vs opaque, core switching vs core hybrid routing/switching Emerging Technologies: ULH, Ultra Dense WDM, L and S-band transport, intelligent OXCs, transparent photonic cross connects
Taxonomy_v0430 6
Metro Network Characteristics

Carriers: ILECs, CLECs, and MAN SPs Services: ILECs voice and private lines, link backbone ISPs with access clients packet/cell traffic, enterprise services such as SANs, VPNs, VoIP, and several Ethernet -based services Geographic Span: < 250 km Economic Sensitivities: terminal equipment costs including routers, switches, and aggregation devices
cost associated with distance and physical impairments less significant
Traffic Characteristics: aggregated traffic from access networks and large customers (enterprises) Signal Rates/Formats: numerous rates from 0.1 to 10 Gb/s carried in SONET/SDH, GbE, RPR, ATM, and proprietary formats QoS: varies widely from highly reliable to best effort
Critical Choices: challenged to build a scalable, convergent network infrastructure to satisfy the needs of disparate services and choosing among multiple architectures and products
Currently dominated by SONET ring technologies optimized for TDM services (voice, private lines)
See Restrictions on Title Page Taxonomy_v0430 7
Access Network Characteristics

Carriers: ILECs, CLECs, IXCs/local and CATV Services: legacy local exchange voice, data (web hosting, Internet access, file transfer, email, SAN), and video (broadcast, PPV) Geographic Span: < 20 km to POP or CO
Traffic Characteristics: huge number of sources/destinations with low capacities per channel (DS0 to GbE)
Economic Sensitivities: fiber/cable build out (last mile) and the cost of high port density terminal equipment Critical Choices: Enterprise Access:
communications has become mission critical for enterprises substantial shift to IP services (VPN, MPLS) telecom and computing equipment is churned and upgraded frequently bandwidth management, security are important functions
Critical Choices: Residential Access

highly sensitive to deployment costs dominated by voice traffic but with growing Internet access demand killer residential applications (e.g., Internet VOD) will most significantly impact all the network segments
Todays Network Equipment Landscape
Access Layer 3
Edge/Aggregation Routers
Metro
Core
Core Routers
Layer 2
GbE/ATM/MPLS Access Switches
MPLS/ATM/FR Core Switches
MSPP/ RPR
Metro/Regional OADM
Grooming OXC
Core OXC Core OADM ULH DWDM
Physical
Residential Enterprise Access Access
Metro WDM
Long Haul DWDM
Aggregation/Distribution Networks
Regional Networks
Graphical Framework also used by: Light Reading and Tenor Networks
Taxonomy_v0430 9
New Trends in Network System Integration

New systems integrate the functions of multiple network elements
Reduces system cost: capex, power, and space requirements Improves data networking efficiency
Access Layer 3
Metro
Core
Integrated Router/OXC
Layer 2
Residential Optical Access MSPP with Integrated WDM
OXC + DWDM
Hybrid OXC (Grooming & Wavelength)
Physical
Most products in these areas are still in development and have not been deployed
Metro & Core Optical Packet Nodes
Taxonomy Guide Used Throughout Document

Access A L3 Metro Core
L2
L1
Shaded area indicates coverage area for a particular slide
Taxonomy_v0430 11
LH and ULH DWDM Characteristics

Traditional LH DWDM systems are based on point-to-point DWDM terminals supporting up to around 200 ls, up to 10 Gb/s per l, regeneration spacing of around 600 km, amplifier spacing of 80 -120 km Deployment of LH DWDM systems has been highly economically compelling for LH carriers compared with legacy LH SONET over fiber solutions
up to 90% savings in capital expenditures associated with fiber cables and amplifiers in IXC and other LH carrier networks
Current financial climate has slowed deployment of LH DWDM systems and has resulted in a temporary fiber glut Regenerators dominate the cost of LH DWDM systems (see figure) ULH systems allow increased regeneration spacing to 1000-4000 km with a significant reduction in regeneration cost ULH systems can also be used to support all-optical transparency in backbone and metro networks
A M
lower cost OADMs and OXCs by reducing or eliminating OEO conversions
L3
L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 12
LH and ULH DWDM System Characteristics

ULH systems increase regenerator spacing through several approaches:
Forward Error Correction (FEC): reduces required receiver OSNR to compensate for a longer amplified span or to compensate for variety of fiber impairments Dispersion management to reduce impact of chromatic dispersion and nonlinearities (FWM/XPM) Raman amplification to improve NF and reduce EDFA output power New fiber design and concatenation to reduce impairments including dispersion and non-linear effects Reduce EDFA spacing to reduce accumulated ASE Polarization mode dispersion compensation for 10 Gb/s and 40 Gb/s Soliton and other modulation formats to extend reach
Additional costs associated with building ULH systems:

per wavelength: FEC, PMD compensation, modulation format (RZ) per system: Raman amplification, dispersion compensation, new fibers
Future development trends:

increase spectral efficiency: reduce wavelength spacing, new data format increase channel bit rate: >40 Gb/s, OTDM techniques optimal choice of signal rate and number of ls for span
A L3 M C
L2
L1
LH System Cost for Different Regen. Spans

A 48 channel WDM point-to-point system cost vs. distance for different regenerator spacing
$70,000,000
$60,000,000
400 miles 2000 miles

$50,000,000
Solid line - total cost Dashed line - regen only
Series1
Series6
system cost
$40,000,000
$30,000,000
$20,000,000
$10,000,000
$0
20 0 40 0 60 0 80 0 10 00 12 00 14 00 16 00 18 00 20 00 22 00 24 00 26 00 28 00 30 00 32 00 34 00 36 00 38 00 40 00
system length (miles)
Taxonomy_v0430 14
OTN
New transport networking layer being standardised in ITU (G.709) and driven by the need to manage DWDM transport and map Gb/s non-SONET tributaries
accommodates 2.5 Gb/s, 10 Gb/s, 40 Gb/s signals Service transparency for SDH/SONET, ETHERNET, ATM, IP, MPLS Enhanced OAM & networking functionality for all services
Management enabler of WDM network by means of addition of:

Overhead to "l" and "multi-l" signals via an Optical Supervisor Channel
"non-associated" or "out-of-channel" overhead; e.g. preventing alarm storms
Optical Channel (OCh) layer

STM-N, IP, ATM and Ethernet signals mapped ("wrapped") into OCh frame (OCh Data Unit (ODUk))
Requires digital processing for OCh and OSC, but only at locations where O/E/O is already performed
Fault and degradation detection Service Level Agreement (SLA) verification Signal Fail & Signal Degrade condition determination for protection and restoration (e.g. if high accuracy is required)
A L3 M C
L2
L1
Digital Wrapper Format

3825
OPUk OH
1 Alignm
OTUk OH
2
3 4
ODUk
Client Signal mapped in OPU k Payload OPUk Payload
3824
OTUk FEC
Client Signal OPUk - Optical Channel Payload Unit ODUk - Optical Channel Data Unit OTUk - Optical Channel Transport Unit
k indicates the order: 1 2.5G 2 10G 3 40G
Alignment
Taxonomy_v0430 16
4080
14 15 16 17
7 8
Metro DWDM Characteristics

Metro DWDM products include:
point-to-point systems Fixed OADMs Reconfigurable OADMs
Point-to-point metro DWDM systems:

Initial product offerings based upon minimum configurations for LH DWDM system were too expensive Second generation metro DWDM products reduce system costs by eliminating amplifiers, using shorter reach transponders (e.g., direct modulation), and limiting channel count to around 50
These products are currently used for three application areas:

to transport SONET systems while providing selective fiber relief - ILECs to eliminate SONET multiplexing for interconnecting pairs of IP routers/ATM switches with OC48/192 interfaces - POP interconnection by IXCs and ISPs to eliminate SONET altogether using GbE over DWDM or glass - new CLECs
A M C L3 L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 17
Metro DWDM Characteristics

Fixed OADMs:
Primarily implemented via Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) filters with circulators Typically combined with an EDFA Allow optical bypass and thus reduced costs by eliminating OEO conversions Limited use if transport traffic patterns change frequently
Reconfigurable OADMs:
An optical analog of the SONET ADM Currently used to provide a simple mapping of tributary interfaces with different types, formats, and rates to a common WDM transport (see figure) OADMs with remote reconfigurability initially supported via electronic switch fabric; may continue due to ever improving electronic integration Current efforts on OADM products with optical fabric (e.g., MEMS, liquid crystal) and optical protection architectures (e.g., UPSR-like, BLSR-like)
A M C L3 L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 18
DWDM in Metro Networks

SONET Gigabit Ethernet Fiber Channel
OADM
C.O.
OADM
Fiber Channel C.O.

OADM
C.O. C.O.
ESCON
OADM
Gigabit Ethernet SONET ESCON
Goal is to have a single unified transport infrastructure Tributary interfaces are mapped to wavelengths Some NEs use an integrated aggregation method to combine traffic onto individual wavelengths - GbE, RPR, POS, etc.
Access DWDM and CWDM

Short distances, typically <20 km Point-to-point systems only No optical protection, no optical amplification Mostly used with non-SONET signals, e.g., Ethernet, ESCON, Fiber Channel For such signals WDM is practically the only multiplexing alternative Customers would need to lease multiple dark fibers if no multiplexing is supported CWDM systems use 2-8 channels with channel spacing > 20 nm Cost reduction via simple and tolerant WDM filters, uncooled lasers, low bit rate transponders, and passive optics
A L3 M C
L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 20
OXC Characteristics
Cornerstone of optical networking Core and Grooming OXCs Core OXCs (electronic or optical switch fabrics) :
OEO: STS-48 switch fabric and granularity; may provide core grooming of OC48 into OC-192; leverages OEO for wavelength interchange, regeneration, and performance monitoring; scalable to 1000s ports; currently optimized for managing traffic among IP routers with OC-48 interfaces All-Optical: l-level granularity; (potentially) lower cost optical switch fabric (e.g., MEMS, PLC); engineering and provisioning limitation due to lack of wavelength interchange and regeneration All-Optical: fiber/waveband granularity; these switches allow entire fibers or bands of wavelengths to be cross-connected together
Grooming OXCs:
Only OEO; STS-1 switch fabric; 150Mb/s-10Gb/s interfaces; leverages OEO for wavelength interchange, regeneration, and performance monitoring; scalable to 1000s ports; currently addresses traffic composition of legacy carriers
Metro OXCs:
small to medium sized switch fabric which may include integrated WDM transport capability
L3 L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 21
OXCs
O/E/O O/E/O O/E/O O/E/O O/E O/E O/E O/E E/O E/O E/O E/O O/E/O O/E/O O/E/O O/E/O
Electronic Switch Fabric
OEO OXC - Core (STS-48 fabric) and Grooming (STS-1 fabric)
Optical Switch Fabric
All Optical OXC - Core

A L3 M C
L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 22
Next Generation SONET/MSPP Characteristics

Introduced to augment SONET ADMs, the dominant NE in metro networks, with data-aware functions
MSPPs emphasize aggregation into ls, maintain SONET framing, protection, and selected other aspects, but with the following enhancements:
reduced space and power requirements, and consequently cost, reflecting improved electronics technologies and less gold plating mini-DCS capabilities - terminating and interconnecting several SONET rings, hairpin cross-connection support of native data interfaces, e.g., Ethernet (10/100/1000), without stranding significant bandwidth (one of the main deficiencies of traditional SONET)
SONET virtual concatenation is emerging as a way to support native data.

E.g.:10 Mb/s Ethernet maps to VT1.5-7v; GbE maps to STS1-21v or STM1-7v (European)
Some MSPPs support also L2 processing, e.g., rate limiting and flow control - ATM, Ethernet
Statistical multiplexing (a deficiency of legacy SONET) may be supported by MSPPs, but only over link bandwidth (e.g. virtual concatenated channel), not over entire ring bandwidth)
A M L3
Most MSPPs, as well as other emerging metro NEs, provide distributed control plane capabilities to streamline operations
L2
L1
Example of SONET Data Unfriendliness

Core Sw 20 DS3 12 DS1 4 OC-3c
2 DS3 26 DS 1 64 DS0
500 ATM UNI
20 Mb/s FR 25 Mb/s
HUB
5 DS 3 ADM OC-48 3 DS1 SONET 1 OC-3c UPSR ADM ADM
DSLAM
12 equipped OC-3s (100 spare DS1 slots) 4 Spare OC-3s
3 DS1 3 DS3 1 OC-3c
60 Mb/s
ADM
Core Sw 2 DS3 26 DS 1 64 DS0 500 ATM UNI 20 Mb/s FR 25 Mb/s HUB
OC-12c
DSLAM
105 Mb/s NG NG ADM ADM Aggregate ADM OC-12c ADM Load NG SONET Ring NG ADM ADM NG ADM
Payload Capacity = 420 Mb/s
3 DS1 3 DS3 1 OC-3c
60 Mb/s
Taxonomy_v0430 24
GbE (and other L2) Switch Characteristics

Big cost advantage over SONET and ATM (8:1 in port costs)
leverages prominence of Ethernet as the LAN technology of choice
Uses standard Ethernet frame format end-to-end (no protocol conversion)

simplifies operations and eases customer control other L2 approaches require several conversion increasing capital and operations costs
Rapid provisioning of capacity in small increments (e.g., 1 Mbps) Traffic policing, shaping and monitoring at edge Protection/restoration times are on the order of 1 second compared to SONET 50 ms capability QoS is in the same state as IP QoS Performance monitoring and fault management are not as good as SONET and ATM Accommodation of legacy TDM services remains to be solved
Addressing Ethernet challenges may compromise its advantages

GbE is not necessarily replacing SONET as L1 transport; they could be combined - see SONET Virtual Concatenation and GFP
Taxonomy_v0430 25
A L3 M C
L2
L1
GbE Network Architecture
GbE Architecture Multi-Tenant Unit Building (MTU)

LAN 1 LAN 2 Access GbE Switch GbE GbE ASPs GbE L2 Switch GbE L2/3 Switch Server Farm Multi-tenant Building ISPs IP Backbone Providers Access GbE Switch Multi-tenant Building Multi-tenant Building
Core GbE Switched Network
LAN n
GbE
GbE
Taxonomy_v0430 26
Other Emerging Metro Approaches - GFP

Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)
Ethernet IP/PPP Other Client Signals
GFP provides a generic GFP Client Specific Aspects mechanism to adapt traffic from (Payload Dependent) higher-layer client signals over an GFP Common Aspects octet synchronous transport (Payload Independent) network (e.g., SONET, OTN) Other octetSONET/SDH OTN ODUk Path synchronous Client signals may be PDU-oriented VC-n Path paths (such as IP/PPP or Ethernet MAC), block-code oriented (such as Fibre Channel or ESCON), or a constant bit rate stream Gaining momentum and being standardized in T1X1, ITU Variable-length payload - different from ATM Maintain layer 2 (e.g., Ethernet) header information - different from Packet over SONET (POS) - and allows transparent mapping of line codes (e.g., 8B/10B GbE, FC)
May be combined with SONET virtual concatenation to remove SONET data deficiencies - granularity and burstiness Enables support of GbE networking over SONET transport, an appealing proposition for ILECs
A L3 M C
L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 27
Other Emerging Metro Approaches - RPR

Driven at combination of SONET advantages (ring protection), GbE advantages (data-friendly, cost), and MPLS-like advantages (QoS); IEEE 802.17 standard Goal is to optimize packet services over the transport network by providing greater bandwidth granularity at the edge and incremental bandwidth provisioning Ring acts as a shared medium for data bandwidth
Packet forwarding is simplified since the ring as a shared medium is topologically simple (do not need to forward packets to multiple ports, i.e. mesh ) Packet ADMs allow nodes to add/drop packets for that node while transit packet traffic passes through and is not processed or queued Fairness algorithm is based on monitoring utilization at each node Reduces the number of ports wrt traditional SONET solutions
RPR introduces a MAC protocol for bandwidth sharing and acts as a new Layer 2 protocol (can use SONET or Ethernet as Layer 1) Spatial Reuse (Similar to SONET BLSR) Focused on data traffic - TDM traffic later
L3 A M C
Ring interconnection?
L2 L1
Taxonomy_v0430 28
Proprietary Framing
Goal is to Maximize Data Packing into ls
Native-mode, multi-protocol wavelengths Increases bandwidth efficiency over the alternative of GFP mapping onto virtual SONET concatenated channels
Maintains QoS guarantees for individual flows

Main difficulty in accommodating TDM signals Example system vendor (start-up): Alidian
L3
L2
l
A
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 29
Differentiation Among Metro Aggregation
Legacy Multi- Service Capabilities

VP Ring VC MSPP SONET GFP
Emerging Proprietary
RPR GbE
POS
Bandwidth Efficiency
A M C
Removing stranded capacity

Stat. Mux. over indiv. channels

Taxonomy_v0430 30
Stat. Mux. for multiend points
L3
L2
L1
Core Router Characteristics

Routers are the bandwidth managers of IP applications - WWW, e-mail, VoIP Core routers aggregate IP packets from edge routers onto high speed (2.5G, 10G) core transmission systems, and provide intermediate core grooming of packets from different core routers Emphasis on high throughput (currently in the range 100-400 Gb/s, scaling up to the Tb/s in next generation products); fast packet forwarding (currently tops at around 30 Mp/s);a few types of high speed WAN interfaces (OC-48, OC-192); carrier-grade reliability Some core IP routers provide higher layer processing (filtering), but typically such features are more prevalent in edge routers Network interfaces on routers are most expensive compared with SONET ADMs or OXCs A major challenge for routers is the scalability to Tb/s and beyond
A L3 M C
L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 31
Edge/Aggregation Router Characteristics

Aggregate IP packets from multiple customer devices or networks (LAN, DSLAM, access routers) Throughput in the 5-50 Gb/s range Numerous interfaces types - 10/100/1000 Mb/s Ethernet, low speed SONET Support service-related functions and a wide variety of features classification, multiple-level queuing, shaping, policing, and packet performance monitoring A fluid category; different suppliers trying to differentiate their products
A L3 M C
L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 32
Core MPLS Switch Characteristics

Replacing/augmenting ATM switches
MPLS uses IP addressing and signaling protocols; separate ATM and IP protocols are needed with ATM core switches
Allow traffic engineering and support of differentiated QoS in the core networks (similar to ATM); these features are essential for service categories beyond best-effort
MPLS is also envisioned for restoration purposes, either via backup LSPs or via fast re-route of LSPs
target restoration times approaching order of 100 ms (similar to SONET) restoration in the MPLS layer enables finer granularity of QoS differentiation (than circuit-based protection/restoration)
A L3
L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 33
Typical Edge/Backbone Router Node
Edge Routers
WDM DMUX
Optical Transport Core Router/ MPLS Switches
Alternative Node Architectures

WDM MUX WDM DMUX
Fiber l
WDM MUX
OXC
Smart Optical Layer Smaller Routers

OXC with l -connectivity, signaling and routing, topology discovery, restoration Several control plane options
Taxonomy_v0430 34
Big Fat Router Dumb Optical Layer

No optical layer intelligence; connectivity and restoration done by IP layer One control plane
Integrated and Hybrid Solutions

Many products integrate features from several canonical solutions:
Hybrid OXCs OXCs with integrated transport MSPP with DWDM Integrated Core Router/OXC Integrated OXC and Optical Packet Node Residential Optical Access: PONs, CWDM, HFC
Access Layer 3
Integrated Router/OXC
Metro
Core
Layer 2
Residential Optical Access MSPP with Integrated WDM
OXC + DWDM Hybrid OXC (Grooming & Wavelength)
Physical
Taxonomy_v0430 35
Metro & Core Optical Packet Nodes
Hybrid OXCs
Several types of hybrid OXC are being developed
An OXC combining optical switch fabric (e.g., MEMS) with OEO interfaces (transponders) to WDM transport
minimizes (but does not eliminate) electronics electronics is leveraged for wavelength interchange, signal regeneration and performance monitoring; however it does not support sub-l grooming
An OXC combining both optical and electronic switch fabrics with OEO interfaces between the two fabrics
leverages electronics for sub-l grooming, regeneration, and wavelength interchange of a selected signal set; other signals are cross-connected in the optical domain entirely through the OXC node
A L3 M C
L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 36
Hybrid OXC
O/E/O O/E/O O/E/O O/E/O
Optical Switch Fabric Optical Switch Fabric

O/E/O O/E/O
O/E/O O/E/O O/E/O O/E/O
l interchange and regeneration via oeo transponders, optical fabric Selective l interchange and regeneration via tunable oeo transponders, optical fabric
Optical Switch Fabric

E/O E/O E/O E/O
Elec. Switch
Optical and electrical switch fabrics, selective l interchange, regeneration, and grooming via electronic fabric
OXC with Integrated Transport

Not widely available nor deployed yet Most WDM vendors favors open interfaces (as opposed to integrated) to maximize revenues and to enhance failure isolation and carriers desire to minimize dependence on single vendor solutions OXCs integrating the WDM mux/dmux with the optical switch fabric saves on intermediate interfaces; significant effect at higher rates (e.g., 10 Gb/s) May be implemented with either all-optical or electronic switch fabrics
A L3
L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 38
Integrated MSPP/OADM
Integrates MSPP (or Next Generation SONET) functions of circuit/packet signal management and aggregation into a wavelength with OADM functions of wavelength management and aggregating wavelengths into fibers
ADM Evolution Functionality + DWDM
+ data aware
+ mini DCS
SONET ADM
integrated optical transport, OADM
ATM, POS, Ethernet interfaces

A L3 M C
Reduced size and cost Time

L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 39
Integrated Core Routers/OXC

Emerging solution based on the prominence of both routers (IP bandwidth managers) and OXCs (wavelength and subwavelength bandwidth managers) in next generation IP/WDM networks The interconnection between routers and OXCs is a main driver of the OIF and GMPLS development efforts
Main premise:
saving of interfaces between stand-alone routers and OXCs operations and management savings via consolidation of management platforms
Not very established yet, primarily since established router (e.g., Cisco, Juniper) and OXC (e.g., Ciena) vendors focus on their own space
A L3 M C
L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 40
Optical Packet Nodes

Provide a single system with full coverage from the Physical Layer through Layer 3 packet switching and processing
Integrate optical transport into a router so that IP packets are statistically multiplexed across multiple wavelengths and fibers Sometimes referred to as optical packet switching, optical burst switching, or optical flow networking
Multiple switch fabrics

Packet, circuit, and wavelength processing capabilities integrated into multiple fabrics which may use optical and electronic technologies Size of system may vary depending on application (metro or core)
Many technical hurdles to overcome

Optical contention resolution and buffering, optical wavelength conversion Optical header processing and/or fast signaling Optical memory/storage Fast, scalable optical switch fabrics Dynamic optical impairment compensation
A L3 L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 41
Trends in Network Technology Evolution

IXC POP
HUB CO
Core
IXC POP
IXC POP
HUB CO
IXC POP
HUB CO
Core
IXC POP
IXC POP
HUB CO
Metro
HUB CO
Metro
HUB CO
Pre-2000
CO Distribution CO CO
DLC DLC ADM
'00-'03 CO Distribution CO
CO
DLC DLC ADM
Access
IXC POP
HUB CO
Access
IXC POP
HUB CO
Core
IXC POP
DWDM Transport Legacy SONET Next Gen. SONET Gigabit Ethernet Intelligent OXC/OADM New Optical Switching Technology
Metro
HUB CO
'03-'07
CO Distribution CO CO
DLC DLC ADM
Access
POP: point of presence CO: central office
Taxonomy_v0430 42
Part II: Relevant Players and Sampled Products

This section presents information that has been obtained through publicly available sources, vendor websites, and reports. Products from certain vendors in a particular system area are highlighted for illustrative purposes. The selection of these products is not meant to be an endorsement. The study is also not meant to be comprehensive for every vendor or product offering in a particular area. Emphasis has been placed on vendors with large market shares and those pushing new technologies.
Taxonomy_v0430 43
LH and ULH DWDM System Suppliers

Market leaders offer systems capable of addressing both LH and ULH
Ciena: MultiWave Sentry 1600, 4000 (LH); MultiWave CoreStream (ULH) Nortel: Optera LH 1600, 4000, 5000 Lucent: WaveStar OLS 1.6T, LambdaXtreme Alcatel: 1640 Wavelength Multiplexer Hitachi: AMN 6100 Optisphere (Siemens): MTS 2 Cisco (Pirelli): ONS 15808
Incumbent suppliers with smaller market shares

Fujitsu: Flashwave 7700 Marconi: SmartPhotoniX UPLx160 NEC: SpectralWave 40/80, 160
Smaller and start-up companies in this space leveraging new technologies

Sycamore: SN 10000 Corvis: Corwave Optical Network Gateway (ONG) PhotonEx: PX-Ultra (40+ Gb/s per wavelength) Ceyba: C420 (adaptive dispersion compensation, tunable lasers) Xtera: Nu-Wave (all Raman amplified system) Celion: Unannounced products possibly in this space
A L3 M C
Other start-ups with components and subsystems for possible use in this space
Essex, Hyperwave: Ultradense channel spacing
L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 44
LH/ULH Products: Ciena CoreStream

Functionality
High capacity optical transport through long haul (LH) and ultra-long haul (ULH) terrestrial fibers Integrated multiplexing of lower rate channels up to 2.5G and 10G
Capacity, Distance, Amplification

1.6 Tb/s aggregate capacity (160 wavelengths x 10 Gb/s); BER<10-15 Distances over 3000km (30 spans with a 20-25 dB link budget) Utilizes inline EDFA and Raman pre-amplifiers
Supported interfaces
Interface transponders support SONET rates: OC-12, -48, -192 OC-48 interface supports short and intermediate reach OC-192 interface supports SR-2 for up to 2km
Network Management
EMS can be integrated into the Ciena LightWorks NMS for end-to-end optical channel provisioning and connection management Integrated performance monitoring for troubleshooting and SLA verification
Network Architecture
Two types of OADMs may be installed at any amplifier site: band add/drop and single wavelength add/drop
Taxonomy_v0430 45
ULH: Corvis CorWave ONG

Functionality
High capacity, high channel density optical transport through long haul (LH) and ultra-long (ULH) terrestrial fibers
Capacity, Distance, Amplification

2.8 Tb/s aggregate capacity (280 wavelengths x 10 Gb/s) Distances over 3200km
Interface transponders support SONET rates: OC-48, and OC-192
Flexible configuration enables the unit to be configured as a point-to-point DWDM terminal, part of an optical add/drop multiplexer, or as an optical switch
Taxonomy_v0430 46
Other LH Products: Long Span Systems

Long spans with large distances between terminals and amplifiers
Applications where inline amplification is not possible or is not economical
Applications include:
Festoon submarine networks along coastal regions to avoid hostile terrain and right-of-way issues on land Spur link or backhaul to remote locations Island hopping and interconnection Inaccessible terrestrial links: desert crossings
Products in this area:

Optisphere: Multi-wavelength long span system (WLS) up to 560km Corvis: CoreWave XL/XF up to 350km Nortel: Optera system modified to support spans up to 300km Alcatel: Unrepeatered Submarine Systems support 400km spans NEC: SLR320 Submarine repeaterless system up to 350km Corvis XL/XF Optisphere WLS
Coastal Festoon
Metro/Regional DWDM Suppliers

Systems are designed primarily for transport using Sonet rings
Metro and regional rings: collector, metro core, and multi-city networks LAN extension for medium and large size campuses; inter-city optical transport
Client services include

Multi-rate, multi-protocol client side transceivers (software provisionable) Client side multiplexing (two GbE into one OC-48), OADM
Fixed optical add/drop capability

Ciena: MultiWave Metro Cisco: ONS 15200 series Lucent: MetroEON Alcatel: 1686/1696 Metro Span Adva: FSP 3000 Nortel: Optera Metro 5200 Sycamore: SN8000 Sorrento: GigaMux Metro DWDM NEC: Spectralwave 40/80 ONI: Online 7000, 9000, 11000 Ciena: new product likely for metro OADM
A L3 M C
Optical layer reconfigurability (new trend in OADM control and design)

Marconi: PMA32
Unique approaches
Kestrel Solutions: TalonMX, SCM-based transport Lumentis: Mentis 3000, unamplified metro DWDM
L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 48
Metro OADM: Marconi PMA32

Functionality
Provide WDM capacity over metropolitan and regional rings Provide dynamic optical layer reconfigurability and remote wavelength services management to add/drop wavelengths at network nodes
Capacity, Distance, Technology

320 Gb/s capacity using 32 wavelengths at 10 Gb/s in a protected 2-fiber ring or up to 640 Gb/s, 2-fiber linear capacity using 64 wavelengths at 10 Gb/s (100 GHz wavelength plan). Utilizes liquid crystal switching to add/drop wavelengths transparently Digital wrapper provides optical layer performance monitoring and FEC
Interface transponders support SONET rates: OC-12, OC-48, and OC-192 Multi-protocol, multi-bit rate interface supports any rate up to 2.5 Gb/s (i.e. GbE) Tunable laser interfaces are used to reduce sparing, increase flexibility Colored interface supports add/drop of any ITU grid DWDM wavelength at client
Element Management
Remote management capability for dynamic network reconfiguration Digital wrapper monitors optical layer performance
Optical rings with 1+1 and OChSpring 2-fiber linear architecture for point-to-point
Optical Access Suppliers: CWDM, PON, etc.

CWDM
ONI: Online 2500 LuxN: WideWav Transport System Riverstone: CWDM line cards Canoga Perkins: Wide WDM cards and standalone chassis Cisco: announced a CWDM GBIC for 7600 router and Catalyst series Adva: FSP-1 White Rock: VLX1010 Alcatel NEC eLuminant Paceon Terawave Marconi Oki Network Technologies Quantum Bridge
ATM-based passive optical networks (APON)
Ethernet-based PON (EPON)

AllOptic Salira Optical Network Systems Iamba Jedai Broadband Advent Networks Narad Networks
OnePath Networks Wave7 Optics World Wide Packet

A M C L3
Hybrid Fiber-Coax Broadband for Cable Providers
L2
L1
CWDM Supplier: LuxN WideWav

Functionality
Provide low-cost optical capacity for metro network feeder, distribution, and access rings as well as increased capacity for enterprise and campus networks Applications include SANs, fiber exhaust, DSLAM backhaul

Uses uncooled lasers and components for low cost optical transmission Reduced tolerance on WDM mux/demux and filtering components Does not use optical amplifiers due to wide spectral allocation. Span distances up to 70 km maximum are possible before electrical regeneration
GbE, Fibre Channel, OC-3, OC-12 supported on a single wavelength (rates up to 1.25 Gb/s) CWDM channels are allocated in 20nm spacing from 1470 to 1610nm outside of the C-band (1530-1560nm); an additional 1310nm wavelength is also available Pay as you grow approach enables 4 CWDM channels and 16 C-band ITU channels to be simultaneously carried on the same infrastructure
Supports point-to-point or logical star architecture
Taxonomy_v0430 51
LuxN WideWav System Deployment

Network migration from 4 low cost CWDM channels
to CWDM + WDM as capacity demand increases
Taxonomy_v0430 52
PON Supplier: AllOptics GigaForce Family

Functionality
Supply low-cost, high bandwidth optical access lines between COs or cable head-end with multiple businesses and residential sites Consolidate high bandwidth transport and access aggregation functions of multiple data/voice services into a single unit. Ethernet PON or EPON can support voice, data, video, and IP services Uses synchronized time-slotted TDMA approach

1.25 Gb/s bandwidth over a passive optical network (PON)
Products in the GigaForce PON family

homeGEAR 1000 ONU: PON access unit for residential use. Supports high speed data access in 64 kb/s increments up to 400 Mb/s or 1 Gb/s using DWDM curbGEAR: mounted within 750ft of subscribers to perform data switching, routing, and service distribution. Ports include 20 10/100BaseT, 16 POTS, or 8 T1s. Additional CATV port supports 12 customers bizGEAR: ethernet switch for businesses, can support up to 2 GbE lines, 20 10/100BaseTs, 4 DS3s, 10 DS1s or 16 POTS lines edgeGEAR: 20 Gb/s Ethernet access router for CO hubs with high speed WAN interface supports 16 EPONs (1024 ONUs)
Supports tree, ring, and bus access architectures

Taxonomy_v0430 53
AllOptic EPON Deployment Scenario Metro Core

Tree Topology Shown Business and Residential (Ring and Bus are also possible) Access Service
edgeGEAR 1510nm Downstream
Passive Splitters
curb/homeGEAR
1310nm Upstream
1550nm CATV
15xx DWDM
bizGEAR
WDM Overlay or CATV Distribution network can also be multiplexed into the PON infrastructure
All-Optic EPON Concept

Downstream Traffic Passive splitting for broadcasting Ethernet packet selection at Receiver
Upstream Traffic Synchronization protocol enables passive time slot multiplexing
Taxonomy_v0430 55
Free Space Optical Access

Fast, unregulated access to near-net facilities
Affordable last mile bandwidth to facilities near network POPs & COs Fiber back-up and disaster recovery
Suppliers in this space

AirFiber: 5800 fSona Communications Aoptix LightPointe Optical Access Terabeam
AirFibers Target Applications
Taxonomy_v0430 56
Free Space Optical Product: AirFiber 5800

Functionality
Provide low-cost bandwidth to last mile, support disaster recovery and fiber back-up capabilities

Transmission of SONET and Ethernet services up to 1.25 Gb/s Protocol independent transmitter, laser operates at 785 nm, Class 1 Laser safety regulations BER < 10-12 achieved through active beam tracking technology Not list in AirFibers specs, typical distances are 1-10 km based upon weather conditions and deployment location
OC-3, OC-12, GbE
Redundant Link Controller (RLC) switches to available redundant link when interference occurs on the primary link
Taxonomy_v0430 57
OXC Types and Suppliers

Core OXC: electronic switching of wavelengths up to OC-192 (no STS-1 grooming)
Tellium: Aurora 128/512, also integrated with NEC Spectral Wave DWDM LH Teraburst: OMS Altamar: Titanium (integrated LH WDM)
Core OXC: all-optical switching of wavelengths, wavebands, and fibers

Corvis: CorWave OS Lucent: LambdaRouter Calient: DiamondWave Optisphere: MSI-160 Alcatel: Cross Light Tellium: FullSpectrum Innovance: integrated WDM Ciena: CoreDirector Nortel: Connect HDX Alcatel: Lambda Gate Tellabs: 6500 Sycamore: SN16000 Lucent: LambdaUnite Corvis: CorWave OCS
Grooming OXC: electronic switching, STS-1 granularity
Emerging hybrid OXC: dual fabrics, optical and electronic

Ciena: CoreDirector with a MEMS fabric
A L3
L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 58
Small Scale OXCs for Metro Networks

Lower port count OXCs available for metro/regional networks some include integrate DWDM transport capability
Smaller scale OEO OXCs available from many incumbent suppliers:
Ciena: CoreDirector CI Sycamore: SN16000 SC Tellium: Aurora 32
All-optical OXC options in the metro

Lumentis: Mentis 3000, MSPP with optional MEMS optical switch fabric Movaz: iWSS
Hybrid OEO/OOO switches

Movaz: RAYstar
Other start-ups in this space:

LuxN, edgeflow, Firstwave, Summit, Nayna, Photuris, Transparent Networks, Opthos, Sorrento, Wavium, Yotta
A L3
L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 59
STS-1 Grooming OXC: CIENA CoreDirector

Functionality
Combines the functions of a digital cross-connect (DCS), optical cross-connect (OXC) and SONET add/drop mux (ADM) NMS supports end-to-end provisioning and management Logical topology support in optical layer (i.e. mesh over ring)
Switching capacity and interface support (single bay)

640 Gb/s bi-directional electronic switching fabric Supports 256 OC-48 or 64 OC-192 interfaces (also OC-12 and OC-3 interfaces) Software configurable interfaces can be channelized (STS-1 granularity) or concatenated to support wavelength granularity switching
Signaling and dynamic management

Proprietary Optical Signaling and Routing Protocol (OSRP) is a pre-standard version of GMPLS Supports point-and-click provisioning, priority service classifications, and automated resource discovery
Protection
software-defined Virtual Line-Switched Rings (VLSR), linear 1:N and 1:1 APS and FastMesh connection-level protection schemes Auto-grooming optimizes network utilization with given protection constraints
Taxonomy_v0430 60
Deployment of CoreDirector
National Network WDM Physical Topology
Software-defined logical topologies

support flexible bandwidth management and protection schemes for a diversity of logical topologies
Taxonomy_v0430 61
All-Optical Core OXC: Lucent LambdaRouter

Functionality
Transparent, protocol and bit rate independent optical switching of wavelengths, wavebands, and fibers Provides reconfigurable optical paths than can provisioned dynamically and remotely
Optical Interfaces
OXI modules are fully transparent, passive interfaces that enable redundant access to the switch fabric for protection events and fail-overs. Each module contains a passive splitter and a 1x2 output selector Simple monitoring functions including optical power Each OXI pack contains 4 bi-directional ports so that 28 OXI packs populates a total capacity of 112x112
Switching capacity
3-Bay base configuration includes a 128x128/256x256 3D MEMS fabric scalable to 1024x1024 in 5 bays Up to 112 ports can be used per 128 port fabric
Taxonomy_v0430 62
LambdaRouter Deployment Scenario

Dynamic provisioning of optical circuits between metropolitan areas in mesh architectures
Taxonomy_v0430 63
Next Generation SONET MSPP Suppliers

Solutions map data services into Sonet allocated bandwidth
Bandwidth provisioning is confined to Sonet time slots and framing Leverage Sonet protection/restoration mechanisms WDM capabilities can be integrated or added to system Provide STS-1/VT1.5 grooming switch capabilities
Next generation MSPP solutions

Cisco: ONS 15454 Ciena: MetroDirector K2 Nortel: Optera Metro 3500 Tellabs (Ocular): 6400 Lucent: Metropolis DMX Fujitsu: Flash 4500 Sycamore: SN3000 ONI: OnWave Service Blades Alcatel: 1660 SM, Astral Point: ON 7 nt (acquired by Alcatel) Siemens: TransXpress Metro Turin Networks: Traverse Redback: SE 800 Lightscape: XDM Platform Metro-Optics:CityStream 5000 White Rock Appian Parama
A M L3 L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 64
Typical MSPP: Cisco ONS 15454

Most widely deployed MSPP
30,000 systems deployed to over 600 customers
Architectures supported:
Point-to-Point, Linear Add/Drop, Ring, and Mesh
Configuration: 17 slots per chassis

2 TCC: timing, communicaitons, and control 2 XC: cross-connect slots for switch fabric 1 AIC: alarm interface controller (optional) 4 high speed, multiservice interface slots (up to OC-192) 8 generic service slots (up to OC-48)
Switch fabric capacity (2 switch fabric slots per chassis)

XC provides STS1 level grooming up to OC-48 XCVT provides STS1 and VT1.5 grooming up to OC-48 XC10G switch card support up to 1152 STS-1s and 672 VT1.5 for OC-192
Interfaces supported
TDM interfaces: DS1, DS3, DS3 transmux, EC1/STS-1 Ethernet: 10/100/1000 Mb/s (supports 2.5 Gb/s of maximum throughput per slot) SONET: OC-3/OC-3c, OC-12/OC-12c, OC-48/OC-48c, OC-192c (ITU Compliant wavelengths available)
Typical MSPP: Cisco ONS 15454

Flexible data transport and provisioning
selectable data bandwidths and bandwidth sharing on a single wavelength no limit oversubscritption in concentrated mode GbE provisioning granularity: STS-3 (STM-1), contiguous time slots Future support for dynamic load balancing of Ethernet over SONET and virtual concatenation
Protection/Restoration Support
UPSR and BLSR (2 and 4 fiber); unidirectional and bidirectional linear APS path protected mesh networking (PPMN) and spanning tree
Network management interfaces

TL-1, CORBA, SNMP, TIRKs, NMA, and TEMS interfaces
OSMINE compliant
Performance Monitoring
SONET errors: LOS, LOF, LOP, AIS-L, RDI-L count SONET section and line errors
Taxonomy_v0430 66
MSPP over WDM Transport: Cisco ONS 15216

Optical reach
OC48ELR ITU cards support single channel unamplified applications with a system gain of 25dB (~50 km) or amplified applications with a dispersion limit of 3500 ps/nm (~200 km)
DWDM optical transport

ONS 15216 is a passive DWDM mux/demux that allows up to 32 wavelengths on a 100 GHz ITU grid to be transported over a single fiber pair Architecture uses 200/100 interleavers and 16 channel mux/demux
Taxonomy_v0430 67
Deployment of an MSPP (from Cisco)

Multiple telecom/datacom services from access network MSPP Aggregation and Transport in the metro network
High speed SONET and wavelength interfaces to the core network
Taxonomy_v0430 68
Proprietary Framing Techniques

These products use Sonet, GbE/10GbE bit rates for optical trunks but use proprietary framing techniques
Proprietary service mapping systems enable flexible bit rates and protocols to be natively multiplexed for transport over the same optical link Some systems provide Sonet-like protection mechanisms and dynamic statistical multiplexing for bursty data services and oversubscription
Products that provide proprietary framing for metro core DWDM rings
Alidian: OSN 4400 PacketLight Coriolis
Products that focus on using proprietary multiplexing and optical transport for distribution and metro-edge networks
Native Networks: EMX3500 (proprietary APT-Asynchronous Packet Transport)
Other framing techniques only used by a few vendors: Dynamic Transfer Mode (DTM)
Net Insight Dynarc
L3 A M C
L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 69
Proprietary Framing: Alidian OSN 4800

Functionality
Efficiently pack data bandwidth in native mode into a proprietary framing structure within Sonet rate channels Allows multiple Layer 2 protocols to share the bandwidth resources of a single wavelength Flexible Add/Drop capability not limited to Sonet time slots or to entire wavelengths. Flexible drop of native mode data out of wavelengths traveling on ring
Capacity
40 Gb/s of total trunk capacity per shelf with up to 80 Gb/s capacity for two shelves using 32 OC-48 wavelengths 80 Gb/s switch capacity per shelf
ATM/POS: DS-3, OC-3, OC-12 Ethernet:10/100/1000 Mb/s supported (rate provisionable) SAN: future interfaces will support FC and other SAN protocols TDM: DS-3, OC-3, OC-12, OC-48 with optional Sonet ADM card and STS-1 grooming capability
Taxonomy_v0430 70
Core Router Suppliers

Gigabit routers: support capacities up to a few 100 Gb/s
Cisco: GSR 12000 Series Nortel: Alcatel Avici: SSR Juniper: M160 NEC Charlottes Networks
Terabit Routers: scale linearly to provide > 1 Tb/s capacity

Avici: TSR Hyperchip Alcatel: 7770 RCP
Chiaro Caspian: Apeiro Procket Axiowave
Juniper: T640 w/TX optical fabric Pluris Cisco: 12816

Accelight: integrated OXC/Router (OBS) Allegro Xebeo
A L3 M C
Routers with optical switch fabrics Emerging suppliers with new architectures
L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 71
Typical Core Router: Juniper M160

Functionality
Perform Layer 3 IP packet processing and routing on core networks among interconnected networks with potentially disparate Layer 2s
Supported MPLS Features

LSP creation/deletion via RSVP signaling, IS-IS TE extensions MPLS Fast Reroute, Circuit Cross Connect, and OSPF-TE
Switch fabric and packet processing capabilities

Aggregate packet look up: 160 Mpps, 205 Gb/s throughput
Unique modular interface design allows up to 4 different hardware interfaces (PICs) per slot Up to 8 OC-192c per chassis or up to 32 OC-48c SONET: OC-3c, -12c, -48c, -192c (concatenated & channelized modes) ATM: DS-3/E3, OC-3, OC-12 Ethernet: 100/1000 Mb/s Dedicated Access: DS-3, E1, E3, T1 Channelized: n x DS0, DS-3, E1, STM-1, OC-12
Optical interface options include:

Ethernet: SX, LX, LH for up to 70km spans SONET: MM,SMSR,SMIR,SMLR for up to 80km spans
Terabit Router: Avici TSR

Functionality
Perform Layer 3 IP packet processing and routing on core networks with a capacity beyond 1 Tb/s without clustering usable ports

Linearly scalable, distributed switch fabric supports 400 Gb/s per bay and up to 5.6 Tb/s by interconnecting the passive backplanes
Up to 40 module slots per bay SONET: OC-3c, -12c, -48c, -192c (concatenated & channelized modes) Ethernet: 1000 Mb/s Composite links logically bundle up to 64 connections to form pipes with capacities beyond OC-768
Optical interface options include: Ethernet: SX, short reach SONET: MM, SR, and SMIR

Supports traffic engineering extensions: IS-IS-TE, OSPF-TE, RSVP-TE, LDP MPLS Fast Reroute Traffic classification and load balancing across composite links
Multi-Service Core Switch Suppliers

Systems offer a unified control plane for ATM, FR, and MPLS
translation of signaling information among protocols maintains QoS evolutionary migration from ATM/FR to MPLS
Multi-service L2/L3 switches: support ATM, FR, TDM, IP/MPLS

Lucent: TMX 880 WaveSmith: DN 2100/4100 Marconi: BXR 48000
Emerging Vendors
Maple Optical Systems Tenor Networks Vivace Networks Crescent Networks Equipe Communications Mahi Networks
L3 L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 74
Edge Router/GbE Switch Suppliers

Edge routers and switches come in many flavors:
Desktop, residential, small business, enterprise, and campus
Ethernet/Gigabit Ethernet is the dominant Layer 2 protocol used Many vendors compete in this space and offer products that cover the entire edge/access market. A sampling of them include:
3Com Cabletron Cisco Redback Force10 Networks World Wide Packet Unisphere (Juniper) Jedai Broadband Lucent Alcatel Nortel Extreme Foundry Riverstone Allegro Networks Laurel Networks
A L3 M C
L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 75
Edge Router: Riverstone RS38000

Functionality
Perform aggregation and routing of data services for uplink to core networks Extende metro VPN services over a national ATM or MPLS backbone

170 Gb/s switch fabric, 90 Mpps routing throughput
Up to 8 OC-192c per chassis or up to 32 OC-48c Ethernet: 10/100/1000 Mb/s 4Gb/s CWDM interface Channelized T3/E3 ATM: DS-3, E-3, OC-3c POS: OC-3c, OC-12c, OC-48c (under development) SONET: OC192c (under development)
Optical interface options include:

Ethernet: SX, LX, LH for up to 70km spans SONET: MM,SMSR,SMIR,SMLR for up to 80km spans

LSP creation/deletion via RSVP signaling, IS-IS TE MPLS Fast Reroute, Circuit Cross Connect, and OSPF traffic engineering
Gigabit Ethernet/Optical Ethernet Vendors

Optical interfaces on GbE switches are typically CWDM. Vendors offering these options on their high capacity switches include:
Extreme Networks Riverstone
Optical Ethernet: Combining DWDM, OADMs and Ethernet switching into a single platform for metro networks
Atrica Xebeo
Optical Ethernet for access networks

Internet Photonics LuxPath Metrobility
Taxonomy_v0430 77
Extreme Networks Black Diamond 6816

Functionality
Provide a combined L2/L3 switch to deliver rate provisionable Ethernet bandwidth with high port density

256 Gb/s total switching capacity Packet processing: 192 Mpps
Ethernet: 10/100/1000 and 10GbE all supported Up to 1,152 ports at 10/100 or 192 ports for GbE POS: OC-3 and OC-12 ATM: OC-3
Optical interface options include

CWDM interfaces are available with wide channel spacing (20 nm)

MPLS edge routing for POS interfaces and BGP4 processing
Taxonomy_v0430 78
Optical Ethernet: Atrica

Functionality
Combine the features of a core GbE switch with the scalability of optical bandwidth through WDM and metro OADMs Architecture is based upon MPLS
Client Interfaces
Ethernet: 10/100/1000 and 10GbE interfaces A unique 100 Gb/s parallel Ethernet module has also been developed for high bandwidth trunks
Optical Interfaces
Supports 32 wavelengths DWDM each at 10 Gb/s for a total transport capacity of 320 Gb/s OADM cards allow individual wavelengths to be dropped at each node
Taxonomy_v0430 79
RPR/SRP Players
IEEE 802.17 standard for transporting data services over a flexible framing structure with SONET-like protection mechanisms RPR Alliance, an industry forum, includes incumbent and emerging vendors
Alcatel Ciena Corrigent Lantern Communications Riverstone Force10 NEC Cisco Dynarc Nortel
Vendors developing dedicated systems for RPR include

Luminous
Larger vendors are focusing on making RPR an optional line card for existing systems
Cisco (proprietary RPR called DPT) Crescent Redback Riverstone
A L3 M C
L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 80
RPR Product: Lantern Metro Packet Switch

Functionality
Provide efficient data services directly over a resilient optical layer with SONET-like guarantees Simplify bandwidth allocation for bursty data services by providing ATMlike QoS commitments to Ethernet services:
bandwidth guarantees: continuous, peak, burst usage incremental provisioning: 100kb/s to 10 Gb/s bounded delay and jitter
Interfaces
MPS-AX supports 8 access interfaces slots for 10/100 Mb/s Ethernet, GbE, T1/E1 TDM and T3 RPR ring is served by dual 10 Gb/s optical packet rings
Switching capacity
Systems uses an 80 Gb/s switch fabric 16 slot chassis (Ex: up to 120 GbE ports supported per chassis)
Network Management
Distributed network of RPR switches on the same ring appear as a single logical switch
Core OXCs with Integrated Transport

Large equipment vendors (Ciena, Lucent, Nortel) are examining the cost benefit of eliminating a layer of transponders by combining their OXC with DWDM transport. NEC/Tellium combined LH and Core OXC
Integated system with NECs Spectral Wave and Telliums Aurora Optical Switch
Altamar is also offering product in this area:

Titanium Integrated Transport System supports up to 160 OC-192 wavelengths on a single fiber Transport supports SR, IR, LH and ULH (without Raman amplification) Wavelength OXC that can support 2232 OC-48 streams per bay (scalable to more than 8 million)
A L3 M C
L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 82
Optical Packet Node Suppliers

The majority of work at established equipment suppliers is still in the research stages and has not yet been built into a product platform. Established companies w/active research here include:
Lucent NTT Alcatel
Emerging vendors that offer a metro packet node solution. Some have already shut-down
Atoga: OAR 30 Tropic Networks: TRX24000 Village Networks (Closed) IP Optical (Closed)
Emerging vendors that offered packet nodes for the core:

Ilotron (closed) LuxCore (now a subsystem vendor)
A L3
L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 83
Metro Optical Packet Node: Atoga OAR30

Functionality
Single box replaces an IP router/switch, SONET ADM, and DWDM transport device Provides interfaces for tunable lasers that enable flexible bandwidth provisioning and reduces sparing costs Statistical multiplexing of packet services using an Ethernet over SONET approach
System Capacity
80 Gb/s integrated packet switching capacity 768x768 STS-1 cross-connect capability unspecified DWDM channel plan
Interfaces
DS3, OC-3, -12, -48 10/100/1000BaseT Ethernet Fibre Channel Tunable OADM
Taxonomy_v0430 84
Integrated Core OXC/Router: Accelight

Products that integrate the functions of core routers and OXCs are still in the early stages. Features include:
High bandwidth, multi-service core interfaces compatible Switch fabrics capable of handling IP packet and Sonet circuits
Accelight claims to have combined the features of router and OXC into a single platform using a novel Optical Burst Switched core
OXC-style Interfaces include: Sonet and wavelegth based interfaces for circuit switching Packet processing interfaces for POS and other IP based services
A L3
L2
L1
Taxonomy_v0430 85
Carrier Adoption of Optical Networking

Depends on several factors - composition of traffic, service offering, service grade, size of network, embedded network, legal environment Service offerings: multi-service (TDM, PL, FR, ATM, IP), service focus (IP only, LAN-extension only, storage only) Service grade: robust, menu of features vs low cost, best effort
Taxonomy_v0430 86
Backbone IXC Carriers - Legacy and Emerging

Legacy carriers with a substantial installed fiber deployed LH DWDM systems with 16-160 wavelengths per system with OC-48 (initially) and increasingly OC-192 per wavelength
ATT, Sprint, WorldCom Deploy (or plan to deploy) both core (DWDM, OXC) and edge/grooming (OADM, OXC, MSPP) functions
The fraction of lit wavelengths on installed DWDM systems (average around 35% - RHK) and lit fibers on installed cables represent conditions of fiber glut that can slow down deployment of new DWDM systems, and to a lesser extent, of new line cards
Emerging IXCs are primarily focused on growing IP traffic with a large fraction of l-level granularity - ULH DWDM, Core (mainly) and grooming OXCs, Core IP/MPLS routers
Qwest, Level3, Broadwing, Williams, (Global Crossing), CW, Frontier
Competition and price cuts negatively affected this whole segment
Taxonomy_v0430 87
Example of Backbone IXC Carriers

ATT:
Legacy SONET - Lucent 2.5G DWDM - Extensive DWDM transport - NEC, Lucent, currently installing 160-channel systems, 2.5/10 Gb/s, 40 Gb/s when available OXC - Ciena CD deployed in 40 NFL cities, planned for 100 cities, STS-1 grooming is deemed essential, improved provisioning times over current SONET ring network, differentiated restoration capabilities Metro - Cisco 15454 MSPP (~150 deployed so far), metro DWDM (32channel)
Worldcom:
Initial build out based on single channel OC-192, followed by DWDM, both SONET and DWDM provided by Nortel Supporting UUNET IP/DWDM transport based on 10 Gb/s per wavelength and 1+1 point-to-point APS First trial of 40 Gb/s, initially in a single channel and later with 32 DWDM channels based on Lucent equipment
Taxonomy_v0430 88
ILECs
Required to support broad service offering, mostly legacy TDM voice trunks and private lines Dominated by legacy SONET ADM (Fujitsu, Nortel, Lucent) and WDCS (Tellabs) equipment Interoperability with legacy OSSs (via Telcordias OSMINE) and standard-based equipment are of utmost concern
Metro DWDM deployment, point-to-point and fixed OADMs, primarily for fiber relief, is growing nicely, but from a very small base; it is substantially less than IXC DWDM deployment (<7% in 2000), several are in the process of RFI/RFP
BellSouth - Ciena 1600 for point-to-point Qwest - ONI SBC - Nortel OPTera 5200 metro DWDM Verizon - Lucent OLS40G for point-to-point and EON OADMs, Ciena
Limited deployment of OXCs as of yet - Qwest with Tellium and Ciena, BellSouth with Sycamore
Taxonomy_v0430 89
ILECs
ILECs are increasingly supporting new data services, including Ethernet services, to remain competitive with new carriers Data traffic - legacy ATM/FR, DSLAMs to ISPs, Ethernet PL and LAN extension - is mostly pre-provisioned via SONET; however, it may also be overlay on different fibers or wavelengths Regulatory and union issues deploying hybrid data/transport NEs, e.g. MSPPs and GbE ILECs are in the process of RFI/RFP and trial of several NG SONET/MSPP, participate in RPR specification, and also starting to plan for IP routers and GbE switches
SBC: Nortel Optera 3500 MSPP Qwest: Cisco 15454 MSPP
Taxonomy_v0430 90
CLECs
Initially thought to be most promising for optical networking deployment (greenfield) Quite shaky market currently Wide availability of dark fiber (e.g., MFN) limits DWDM deployment in metro networks, especially in tier-1 cities Ethernet LECs - focus on GbE/fiber connectivity to business at prices that are 30-50% less than TDM private lines
Cogent: Mapping Ethernet to SONET using Ciscos 454 MSPP over leased fibers in the metro; Core IP routers (Cisco GSR) in POPs; OC192/DWDM (Cisco 15800) in national backbone Telseon: focused on metro transport between carrier collocation facilities (ISPs and ASPs are their target customers); 1 Mbps -1 Gbps service; Equipment from 3Com, Cabletron, Extreme, and Foundry Yipes: Fiber-based, gigabit Ethernet service; direct enterprise focus; high-speed LAN-to-LAN and LAN-to-Internet connectivity; 1 Mbps to 1 Gbps in 1 Mbps increments; Extreme GbE switches and Juniper routers
Taxonomy_v0430 91
Part IV: Summary of Network Management and Control Plane Taxonomy and Solutions
Taxonomy_v0430 92
Management Paradigms
Management Plane: enables operators to provide services in a centralized fashion
includes network and capacity planning, configure networks, device and performance monitoring, root cause analysis, service definition, SLA verification dominates legacy telecom carrier networks
Control Plane: enables network devices and (possibly) end-users to rapidly create/maintain/restore/delete connections
based on distributed control dominates enterprises networks; prominent protocols include OIF UNI, GMPLS, LMP GMPLS: an automated control plane for the physical layer which will allow routers to initiate automated bandwidth requests from OXCs and other optical transport equipment
New developments combining these two planes and increasing automation in both planes are expected to reduce carrier operation expenditures, provide traffic engineering, and turn up service quickly
Network Management Protocols

SMS
HTTP SOAP
Management System
NMS
CMIP IIOP CORBA JAVA SNMP
EMS
TL1
HTTP
NE
OIF UNI/NNI
GMPLS
Telecom
Datacom
Control Plane Technologies
(OIF UNI, GMPLS, LMP, )

Migrate some management functions to NE
OIF
Public UNI, Private UNI, Public NNI, Private NNI
IETF - Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching

Distributed method for creating paths in networks Initially in IP networks; In principle adaptable to any network (IP, SONET, WDM, ) Routing: OSPF, IS-IS (topology discovery) Signaling: RSVP, CRLDP
Pushed by WDM vendors

Way to couple their equipment to internet Simplified network management Scalability Mesh restoration Product differentiation
Regional carriers seem reluctant

Control Plane
PUB-NNI
3rd party networks
ED
DSI PRI-UNI
Carrier Optical network

PRI-NNI
PUB-UNI
ED
PRI-UNI
CED
Optical Subnet
PRI-NNI
Optical Subnet
Optical Subnet
PRI-NNI
CED
GMPLS
DSI
PUB-UNI PUB-UNI
ED
PUB-UNI
ED
PUB-NNI
ED CED PUB-UNI/NNI PRI-UNI/NNI DSI
:User Edge Device :Carrier Edge Device :Public UNI/NNI :Private UNI/NNI :Data Service Interface (ATM, SONET, etc)
Taxonomy_v0430 96
EMS/NMS/OSS
EMS Vendors
Typically manages a network of one type of network element from a single vendor System vendors may modify a code base purchased from a third party and brand it as their own EMS
NMS Vendors
Large system vendors often extend their EMS to include other network elements from their product lines. In practice, these are not typically used to manage other vendor equipment. Large vendor neutral platforms are offered by many companies including Telcordia to provide NMS functions. Carriers may also use an umbrella NMS as a manager of other EMS/NMS systems.
OSS Systems
Include operational management functions of network such as trouble ticketing, billing, staffing, resource management, etc. OSS is a broad categorization which include NMS and other operational aspects of a network
Taxonomy_v0430 97
NC&M Standards Organizations

TMF (TeleManagement Forum)
MTNM, NGOSS
IETF
SNMP, RMON, Policy based management (COPS), GMPLS, GSMP
DMTF (Distributed Management Task Force)

WBEM, DEN, CIM (MOF, CIMOM)
OIF
UNI, NNI, LMP
ITU
Seven layers, TMN, CMISE,
Taxonomy_v0430 98
Hybrid Management and Control Planes for Dynamic Optical Networking State aggregation and interoperability across multivendor domain (fault management, service assurance, inventory management)
NMS/Network Management Subnet Management and GMPLS Control Plane dynamic optical network
vendor B vendor A vendor C
Taxonomy_v0430 99
EMS/NMS Suppliers
Element Management System (EMS) development
Vendor-based EMS supplied by equipment vendors tend to be based upon a code kit available from a third party software vendor System vendors can modify the code to meet their system requirements and re-brand it as their own Other system vendors develop the EMS in-house
Suppliers of products for a general EMS code base include

Lumos Vertel AdventNet
NMS systems are typically a component of larger OSS systems that are available from a variety of suppliers
Vendor neutral NMS platforms are typically used for managing systems with multiple vendors and technologies. This is the way the majority of networks are managed. NMS from system vendors can also be used to manage multiple networks and elements from that vendor in a large network
Taxonomy_v0430 100
NMS/OSS Supplier: Telcordia Products

Many other companies compete with Telcordia in all of these areas
Corporate Data & Common Functions
SML Order Manager
TMN Layers
Customer Manager ServiceGateTM / Billing ExchangeLink System Advanced Service Mgmt. System
Customer Inter- Service Connection Rep. Customer Number Manager Customer Access & Location Manager
Billing & Negotiation Suite

Service Delivery & Work Item Manager Network Configuration Manager TIRKS
NML NML
NMA Surveillance Manager Network Performance Monitor
Trouble Ticket Manager Network Capacity Manager
Integrated Testing & Analysis System
SOAC, NSDB, LFACS, SWITCH, MARCH
Service Level Manager
Service Provisioning & Activation Suite Network Engineer Inventory Manager Network Design & Inventory Suite Force WFA Tech Access System Fleet Optimizer
Proactive Service Assurance Suite
Switch Element Activation Manager
Transport Element Activation Manager
Signaling HFC Network Cable Activation Telephony Manager Manager
Call Agent EMS
EML
Router Mgmt
Frame & ATM Mgmt
DSL Mgmt
Work & Force Management Suite

NEL
IP Local Transport / Signaling Call Routers Frame Satellite Wireless Local Relay & Digital Access / Network Gateways Agent & Servers Loop ATM Switches DSL Switches
Other Suppliers of OSS/NMS Software OSS/NMS Function

Orchestream Provisioning Management and Service Creation Inventory Management Network Planning Concord MicroMuse
Company
Infovista Opnet Kenan Riversoft Arkipelago Cross Keys
Provisioning
a aa a
a a a a
Performance Management Assurance Fault Management Security Management Monitor utilization of ntwk. resources Billing Market driven billing Cost driven billing
a a a a
a a
a
a
Source: Cambridge Strategic Management Group

Acronym Glossary
Taxonomy_v0430 103
Acronyms A-Z
ADM AIS APON APS ASE ATM BER BLSR CATV CLEC CORBA CWDM DCS DPT DSLAM DSn DWDM EDFA EML EMS EPON ESCON add/drop multiplexer alarm indication signal (SONET error) ATM-based passive optical network automatic protection switching amplified spontaneous emission asynchronous transfer mode bit error rate bi-directional line switched ring cable television competitive local exchange carrier common object request broker architecture coarse wavelength division mutliplexing digital cross-connect system dynamic packet transport (Cisco) digital subscriber line access multiplexer digital signal level (for n=0, 64kb/s, n=1 1.544Mb/s (T1), n=44.736 Mb/s (T3) dense wavelength division multiplexing erbium doped fiber amplifier element management layer element management system Ethernet-based passive optical network enterprise system connection (IBM)
Taxonomy_v0430 104
Acronyms (cont.)
FBG FC FEC FR FWM G GbE GFP GMPLS HFC ILEC IP IS-IS ISP ITU IXC LDP LEC LH LMP LOF LOP fiber bragg gratings fiber channel forward error correction frame relay four wave mixing gigabits per second (Gb/s) gigabit Ethernet generic framing procedure generalized multiprotocol label switching hybrid fiber-coax incumbent local exchange carrier internet protocol intermediate system-intermediate system internet service provider international telecommunications union interexchange carrier label distribution protocol local exchange carrier long haul label management protocol loss of frame (SONET error) loss of path (SONET error)
Taxonomy_v0430 105
Acronyms
LOS LSP MAC MAN MEMS MM MPLS MSPP NC&M NEL NF NG NMA NML NMS NNI OADM OAM OAM&P OC-n OEO OIF loss of signal label switched path media access control metropolitan area network micro-electro-mechanical system multimode (fiber) multiprotocol label switching multi-service provisioning platform network control and management network element layer noise figure next generation network management and analysis (Telcordia OSS) network management layer network management system network to network interface optical add/drop multiplexer operations, administration, and maintenance operations, administration, maintenance, and provisioning optical carrier, base unit (n=1) is 51.84 Mb/s optical-to-electronic-to-optical optical internetworking forum
Taxonomy_v0430 106
Acronyms
OSC OSNR OSS OTDM OTN OXC PDH PDU PL PLC PMD PON POP POS POTS PPP PTT QoS RDI RFI RFP RPR optical supervisory channel optical signal to noise ratio operations support system optical time division multiplexing optical transport network optical cross-connect plesio-synchronous digital hierarchy (pre-SONET) protocol data unit private line planar lightwave circuit polarization mode dispersion passive optical network point of presence packet over SONET plain old telephone system point to point protocol post, telephone, and telegraph (non-US based local and long distance carrier) quality of service remote defect indication (ATM) request for information request for proposal resilient packet ring
Taxonomy_v0430 107
Acronyms
RSVP RZ SAN SDH SLA SM SMIR SMLR SMSR SNMP SR STM-n STS-n TDM TIRKS TL-1 TMN ULH UNI UPSR VLAN VOD resource reservation protocol return to zero modulation format storage area network synchronous digital hierarchy service level agreement single mode (fiber) single mode intermediate reach single mode long reach single mode short reach simple network management protocol short reach synchronous transport model (STM-1 = OC-3) synchronous transport signal level (n = 1 corresponds to 51.84 Mb/s) time division multiplexing trunk information record keeping system (Telcordia) transaction language tele-management network ultra long haul user-network interface unidirectional path switched ring virtual local area network video on demandVoIP
Taxonomy_v0430 108
Acronyms
VPN VT XPM virtual private network virtual tributary (VT-1.5 maps a DS-1 into SONET) cross-phase modulation
Taxonomy_v0430 109

Optical Taxonomy

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Optical Taxonomy

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The Optical Networking Taxonomy

Robert J. Runser (301) 688-1410 rrunser@research.telcordia.com

Part II: Solution Details and Relevant Players

Part III: Network Control and Management aspects

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Purpose and Scope of Document

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Part I: Optical Networking Taxonomy

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Overall Network Topology

Business Access Ring

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Core Network Characteristics

Geographic Span: Over 500 km

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Metro Network Characteristics

Access Network Characteristics

Critical Choices: Residential Access

Todays Network Equipment Landscape

GbE/ATM/MPLS Access Switches

MPLS/ATM/FR Core Switches

Core OXC Core OADM ULH DWDM

Residential Enterprise Access Access

Long Haul DWDM

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New Trends in Network System Integration

Metro & Core Optical Packet Nodes

Taxonomy Guide Used Throughout Document

Shaded area indicates coverage area for a particular slide

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LH and ULH DWDM Characteristics

lower cost OADMs and OXCs by reducing or eliminating OEO conversions

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LH and ULH DWDM System Characteristics

Additional costs associated with building ULH systems:

Future development trends:

LH System Cost for Different Regen. Spans

400 miles 2000 miles

Solid line - total cost Dashed line - regen only

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system length (miles)

Management enabler of WDM network by means of addition of:

Optical Channel (OCh) layer

Digital Wrapper Format

Client Signal mapped in OPU k Payload OPUk Payload

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Metro DWDM Characteristics

Point-to-point metro DWDM systems:

These products are currently used for three application areas:

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Metro DWDM Characteristics

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DWDM in Metro Networks

Fiber Channel C.O.

Gigabit Ethernet SONET ESCON

Access DWDM and CWDM

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Electronic Switch Fabric

OEO OXC - Core (STS-48 fabric) and Grooming (STS-1 fabric)

Optical Switch Fabric

All Optical OXC - Core

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