Wireless Communications (and Networks)

Outline

2.5G cellular networks 3G cellular networks WMAX: LMDS WLAN WPAN

Bluetooth UWB

Ad Hoc Networks

Sensor Networks

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2.5G

HSCSD: high speed circuit switched data: multiple time slots, realtime 57.6 kbps GPRS: general packet radio service: non-realtime, 171.2 kbps EDGE: Enhanced Data

Rates for GSM Evolution Multiple modulation and coding schemes (MCS)

New hardware 384kbps

IS-95B: multiple code

Medium data rate (MDR) Up to 8 codes, 64kbps Easy to update

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WCDMA-UMTS

8k-2.048 Mbps per user, future 8Mbps Spectrum 5MHz, so complete change for handware and software Each channel, 1000-350 voice call Chip rate: 16Megachips per second 6 times spectrum efficiency than GSM Dual mode, tri mode: TDMA, EDGE, WCDMA Dual band, tri band 2010 to finish updating, slow

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IMT-200

GSM world: http://www.gsmworld.com UMTS world: http://www.umtsworld.com

3GPP

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CDMA2000

1.25MHz, seamless for CDMAone, IS95B, CDMA2000 1xRTT: instantaneous 307kbps for a user, constant rate 144kbps 1x means 1.25MHz, 3x means 3.75MHz 1xEV: Qualcomm.
1xEV-DO: data only, up to 2.4Mbps, but depends.

1xEV-DV: data and voice, 144kbps, double the voice users

3xRTT: 2Mbps Seamlessly and less expensive update

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IMT-2000

CDMA developers Groups http://www.cdg.org 3GPP2

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TD-SCDMA

China, 8 millions per month Time Division Synchronous CDMA GSM based infrastructure 1.6 MHz, 384 kbps Smart antenna, several time better spectrum efficiency than GSM TDD Cheap to update

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IMT-2000

3G spectrum auction: England, 35.4B, German 46B

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Wireless Local Loop

Last mile technology Ramp to highway

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Local Multipoint Distribution Service

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LMDS

IEEE 802.16 WIMAX HIPERACESS Line of sight

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WMAN Structure

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Rain Attenuation

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Rain Attenuation

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802.11

2.4G-2.4835G, 5.725-5.825G 802.11a/g, OFDM, 802.11b: CDMA

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Channel

11, 5.5, 2, 1Mbps

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Channelization scheme

channels

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802.11

802.11a/g: 54, 48, 36, 24, 18, 6Mbps 802.11e -MAC Enhancements-Security/QoS

802.11f- Inter-Access Point Protocol

802.11h- Spectrum Managed 5Ghz 802.11i- Enhanced Security (TKIP and 802.1x)

ISO OSI 7-layer model

Application Presentation

Session Transport Network Data Link

Physical

IEEE 802 standards

Logical Link Control

Medium Access (MAC)

Physical (PHY)

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Wireless hotpot planner

Wireless valley

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Design Procedure

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Future WIFI

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Signal to Noise Ratio at home

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Personal Area Networks

802.15
Master-slave piconets Capable of connecting a mix of multiple piconets into scatternet Service discovery protocol allows invisible interaction of various trusted devices Less susceptible to interference
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Bluetooth

Wireless LAN technology (10 meters) or PAN 2.4GHz band with 1Mbps speed Spread spectrum frequency-hopping always on user-transparent cable-replacement Combination of packet-switching & circuit-switching (good for data & voice) 3 voice channels - 64Kbps each Low power, low cost Transparently connects office devices
Laptop, Desktop, PDA, Phone, printer

Bridging capability: network-pda-phone

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Ultra Wide Band

High speed at short range

480 Mb/s at ~3m. Does not penetrate walls

Wireless USB
IP over UWB

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Summary

Trend 802.11 - 802.15 - cellular wireless technologies all competing for customers 802.11 WLANs offer hotspots at nominal cost (sometimes free) Cellular services used worldwide 802.15 Bluetooth offers bridging options for WLAN and cellular services Alliances, Partnerships, Coalitions, AT&T, Intel, IBM (and investors) form Cometa, a company to provide wireless hot spots across the country Motorola, Proxim and Avaya form partnership to provide seamless roaming between WiFi and cellular networks HP and Transat Technologies collaborating on project to link 2G/3G to WiFi hotspots
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Wireless Technologies
WAN
(Wide Area Network)

MAN
(Metropolitan Area Network)

LAN
(Local Area Network)

PAN
PAN Standards Speed Range Applications
Bluetooth 802.15.3 < 1 Mbps Short Peer-to-Peer Device-to-Device

(Personal Area Network) LAN

802.11 11 to 54 Mbps Medium Enterprise Networks

MAN
802.11 802.16 802.20 10-100+ Mbps Medium-Long Last Mile Access

WAN
GSM, CDMA, Satellite 10 Kbps2 Mbps Long Mobile Data Devices

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Ad Hoc Network

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)

An autonomous collection of mobile users that communicate over relatively bandwidth constrained wireless links. Since the nodes are mobile, the network topology may change rapidly and unpredictably over time. The network is decentralized, where all network activity including discovering the topology and delivering messages must be executed by the nodes themselves, MANETs need efficient distributed algorithms to determine network organization, link scheduling, and routing. The set of applications for MANETs is diverse, ranging from small, static networks that are constrained by power sources, to large-scale, mobile, highly dynamic networks In a military environment, preservation of security, latency, reliability, intentional jamming, and recovery from failure are significant concerns

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MANET Examples

Ad hoc mode of WIFI Military

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Wireless Sensor Network

Consists of a number of sensors spread across a geographical area. Each sensor has wireless communication capability and some level of intelligence for signal processing and networking of the data. Military sensor networks to detect and gain as much information as possible about enemy movements, explosions, and other phenomena of interest. Sensor networks to detect and characterize Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive (CBRNE) attacks and material. Sensor networks to detect and monitor environmental changes in plains, forests, oceans, etc. Wireless traffic sensor networks to monitor vehicle traffic on highways or in congested parts of a city. Wireless surveillance sensor networks for providing security in shopping malls, parking garages, and other facilities. Wireless parking lot sensor networks to determine which spots are occupied and which are free.

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Wireless Sensor Networks

Classification: whether or not the nodes are individually addressable and whether the data in the network is aggregated. Goals and Tasks
Determine the value of some parameter at a given location: In an environmental network, one might one to know the temperature, atmospheric pressure, amount of sunlight, and the relative humidity at a number of locations. This example shows that a given sensor node may be connected to different types of sensors, each with a different sampling rate and range of allowed values. Detect the occurrence of events of interest and estimate parameters of the detected event or events: In the traffic sensor network, one would like to detect a vehicle moving through an intersection and estimate the speed and direction of the vehicle. Classify a detected object: Is a vehicle in a traffic sensor network a car, a mini-van, a light truck, a bus, etc. Track an object: In a military sensor network, track an enemy tank as it moves through the geographic area covered by the network.

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WSN Requirement

Large number of (mostly stationary) sensors: Aside from the deployment of sensors on the ocean surface or the use of mobile, unmanned, robotic sensors in military operations, most nodes in a smart sensor network are stationary. Networks of 10,000 or even 100,000 nodes are envisioned, so scalability is a major issue. Low energy use: Since in many applications the sensor nodes will be placed in a remote area, service of a node may not be possible. In this case, the lifetime of a node may be determined by the battery life, thereby requiring the minimization of energy expenditure. Network self-organization: Given the large number of nodes and their potential placement in hostile locations, it is essential that the network be able to self-organize; manual configuration is not feasible. Moreover, nodes may fail (either from lack of energy or from physical destruction), and new nodes may join the network. Therefore, the network must be able to periodically reconfigure itself so that it can continue to function. Individual nodes may become disconnected from the rest of the network, but a high degree of connectivity must be maintained. Collaborative signal processing: Yet another factor that distinguishes these networks from MANETs is that the end goal is detection/estimation of some events of interest, and not just communications. To improve the detection/estimation performance, it is often quite useful to fuse data from multiple sensors. This data fusion requires the transmission of data and control messages, and so it may put constraints on the network architecture. Querying ability: A user may want to query an individual node or a group of nodes for information collected in the region. Depending on the amount of data fusion performed, it may not be feasible to transmit a large amount of the data across the network. Instead, various local sink nodes will collect the data from a given area and create summary messages. A query may be directed to the sink node nearest to the desired location.
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Wireless Sensor Networks

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Homework

Read Chapter 2

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Questions?

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