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WHAT IS RESEARCH?
C5/CTPS5:
C5 = Cognitive Level 5 = Synthesis CTPS5 = Critical Thinking & Problem Solving Level 5 = able to make decisions based on solid evidences
P4/EM3:
P4 = Psychomotor 4 = mechanism - exhibit, develop, manipulate, organise, merge EM3 = able to practise ethical attitude as well as feeling responsible to the society
A3/LL3
A3 = Affective Level 3 = Evaluate explain, compare and contrast, report, demonstrate etc. LL3 = Lifelong Learning = able to develop the inquisitive mind and thirst for knowledge
Course Synopsis
This course covers guidelines of social science research process including the foundations of research in social science, formulation of good objectives and research questions, research design, population and sampling, instrumentation, method of data collection and data analysis, the ethical implications of social science research, and the critical evaluation of own research and that of other social scientists.
Quotation
A researcher is.. . a scholarly person of the highest integrity.
(Best, 1981)
What Is Research?
Research is the systematic process of collecting analyzing information (data) in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon about which we are concerned or interested to solve problems of daily living.
Formal research is research which we intentionally set out to enhance our understanding of a phenomenon and expect to communicate it what we discover to a larger scientific community.
Purposes Of Research
To obtain new information To look at relationships between variables To develop new knowledge To verify existing knowledge To develop new theories or expand on existing theories
Purposes Of Research
To explain situations or problems To utilize or apply a new technique or technology To explain a situation To understand, predict, or control a result
Research is systematic Research is logical Research is empirical Research should be able to be replicated
Hypothesis
A logical supposition, a reasonable guess, an educated conjecture. it provides a tentative explanation for a phenomenon under investigation. may direct ones thinking to possible sources of information that will aid in resolving one or more sub-problems
Sources Of Knowledge
EXPERIENCES
AUTHORITY INDUCTIVE REASONING DEDUCTIVE REASONING SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1. Experience
Knowledge source used in a lot of cases Prime characteristic of intelligent behaviour Much wisdom passed from generation to generation Limitations:
Rather relative, depends on who went through the experience Experience without efficiency
2. Authority
3. Inductive Reasoning
CONCLUSION
4. Deductive Reasoning
GENERAL STATEMENT / THEORY
CONCLUSION
5. Scientific Approach
An approach to obtain knowledge objectively, systematically, testable and not influenced by beliefs, opinions and ones emotions A process in which investigators move inductively from their observations to hypotheses, then deductively from the hypotheses to the logical implications of the hypotheses. If deduced implications are compatible with the organized body of accepted knowledge, researchers then further test them by gathering empirical data. Knowledge are obtained objectively thus different individuals will make the same conclusion if given the same information. The process can be confirmed since open to public scrutiny.