Analysis of the English Word and Sentence Structure

Objectives
1. Recognize different types of morphemes and their functions 2. State the form, meaning and rule of combination for the morphemes 3. Analyze the internal structure of the English words in order to know their formations and meanings. 4. Specify each unit within words correctly.

Warm Up
Look at this Video.

Warm Up
What are you thinking?

Doubt is often the beginning of wisdom.

Morphology

Morphology

Morph (form) + ology (science of) -- > Morphology (the science of word forms) The study of the internal structure of words, and The rules by which words are formed

Morphemes

Look at the following words

Likely unlikely undeveloped developed

unun- is a prefix means No. -ly in likely is a adverbial suffix. -ed in developed is a suffix morpheme.

What is morpheme?

What is morpheme?

Dictionary:
Morpheme (mr' (mr'f m') n. A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts. morphemic morphem'ic adj. morphemically morphem'ically adv.
http://www.answers.com/topic/morpheme

What is morpheme?

Definitions:

A morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning. Example: un+system+atic+al+ly Note: morphemes words

Examples of Morphemes

One morpheme

Two morpheme Three morpheme Four morpheme More than four

boy (one syllable) desire, lady, water (two syllables) crocodile (three syllables) salamander (four syllables), or more syllables boy + ish desire + able boy + ish + ness desire + able + ity gentle + man + li + ness un + desire + able + ity un + gentle + man + li + ness anti + dis + establish + ment + ari + an + ism

In all language, discrete linguistic units combine rule-governed ways to ruleform larger units

Sound units combine to form morphemes, morphemes combine to form from words word combine to form phrases phrases combine to form sentences

What is the relationship between morphemes and words?

What is the relationship between morphemes and words?

Humans can understand words that have never been heard before Human can also create new words For example, a writable CD example, writable a rewritable CD rewritable an unrewritable CD unrewritable

How many types of morphemes are there?

Bound morphemes Free morphemes Root morphemes Stem morphemes Derivational morphemes Inflectional morphemes Affixes: prefixes and suffixes Grammatical morphemes

Classification of some (English) morphemes

(English) Morphemes Bound Affix Derivational Prefix pre unun- -ist conconSuffix -ly -er -est -ment -ed Inflectional Suffix -ing -en fer gruntle mit Nouns (girl) (girl) Verbs (kick) (kick) Determiners (the,a(n)) (the,a(n)) Conjunctions (and) (and) Root Free Open Class Closed Class

Adjectives (happy) Prepositions (of ,in ) (happy) (of Adverbs (quickly) Pronouns (I, he, you ) (quickly) (I he, Auxiliary Verbs (is) (is)

Bound morphemes

Bound morphemes (affixes) must be attached to the word. They are prefixes, infixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Such as {clude} as in include, exclude, preclude) or they may be grammatical (such as {PLU} = plural as in boys, girls, and cats).

Free morphemes

Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as words. Example: girl, system, desire, hope, act, phone, happy

Root morphemes

A root is a morphemes that cannot be analyzed into smaller parts. Example: cran (as in cranberry), act, beauty, system, etc..

Free Root Morpheme: run, bottle, phone, etc. Bound Root Morpheme: receive, remit, uncount, uncouth, nonchalant, etc.

Stem morphemes

A stem is formed when a root morphemes is combined with an affix. Other affixes can be added to a stem to form a more complex stem.

Example of word formation

Root Stem Word believe (verb) believe + able (verb + suffix) un + believe + able (prefix +verb + suffix)

Example of word formation

Root Stem Stem Stem Word system system + atic un + system + atic un + system + atic + al un + system + atic + al + ly

Its time to relax Are you tried? Lets listen to the song

Derivational morphemes

Root + Derivational Morpheme --> a new --> word with a new meaning. (usually change grammatical class) N + Derivational Morpheme --> Adj. --> Ex. Boy + ish, Verb + Derivational Morpheme --> Noun --> Ex. Acquitt + al, clear + ance Adj. + Derivational Morpheme --> --> Adverb Ex. Exact + ly, quiet + ly

Inflectional morphemes

Inflectional morphemes have grammatical meaning or function in the sentence. They never change part of speech. For example, Bound Morpheme : Ex. to in connection with a verb ( an infinitive with to) Bound Morphemes: Ex. s, -ed He sails the ocean blue. He sailed the ocean blue.

Eight English Inflectional Morphemes

-s third-person thirdsingular present -ed past tense -ing progressive -en past participle -s plural -s possessive -er comparative -est superlative

She waits at home. She waited at home. waited She is eating the donuts. eating Mary has eaten the donuts. eaten She ate the donuts. donuts Lisas Lisas hair is short. Lisa has short hair than Kate. Lisa has the shortest hair. shortest

The major differences between derivational and inflectional morphology

Derivational position addable on to? changes stem? productive? meaning? closer to stem yes yes (often) no (often) unpredictable Inflectional further from stem not in English no (usually) yes predictable

Affixes: prefixes and suffixes

Affix: a morpheme that comes at the Affix: beginning (prefix) or the ending (suffix) of a base morpheme. Note: Note: An affix usually is a morpheme that cannot stand alone. Examples: ful, ly, ity, ness. Examples: -ful, -ly, -ity, -ness. A few exceptions are able, like, and less. able, like, less.

Affixes: prefixes and suffixes

Prefix: Prefix: an affix that comes before a base morpheme. The in in the word inspect is a prefix. Suffix: Suffix: an affix that comes after a base morpheme. The s in cats is a suffix.

Affixes (prefix, suffix, infix and circumfix) are all bound morphemes.
Prefixes Bound morphemes which occur only before other morphemes. Examples: un- (uncover, undo) dis(displeased, disconnect), pre(predetermine , prejudge) Suffixes Bound morphemes which occur following other morphemes. Examples: -er (singer, performer) -ist (typist, pianist) -ly (manly, friendly) Infixes Bound morphemes which are inserted into other morphemes. Example: Fikas "strong" fumikas "to be strong" Circumfixes Bound morphemes that are attached to a root or stem morpheme both initially and finally. Example: chokma "he is good" ik + chokm + o "he isn?t? good" (Chickasaw Language)

(Bontoc Language)

Grammatical morphemes

What is the difference in meaning between apple and apples? apples? What is the difference in form? What does this tell you about these two words?

Grammatical morphemes

Words can have an internal structure much like the syntax of phrases. Morphemes such as the, -s, and re- near the the, regrammatical end of the continuum are called grammatical morphemes. morphemes. Note that grammatical morphemes include forms that we can consider to be words like the, and, the, a, and, and of and others that make up parts of words like s and -ed. ed. Examples. pencils pencils walked walked

What are the differences between each type of morphemes?

What is the function of each type of morphemes?

What is the relationship among each type of morphemes?

What is the difference between content/lexical words and function/grammatical words?

Content Words

Content words denote concepts such as subjects, actions, and ideas (noun, verb, adjective, adverb) adverb) Content words are open class words (new words can be added) added) Example of new words : Steganography (the art of hiding information in electronic text) text)

Function Words

Function words express Grammatical Functions (e.g., preposition, article, conjunctions, pronouns) pronouns) Function words connect the content words to the larger grammatical context. Functions words are also called closed class words (no new words assed to this class.) class.)

Exercise
I know you can do it

"First say to yourself what you would be, and then do what you have to do."

How are English words formed?

Different types of words from different formations.

Derived words Lexical gaps Compounds: also how to differentiate compounds from noun phrases Acronyms Back formations Abbreviations/Truncation/Clipping Eponyms Blends

Derived words
= new words with new meanings formed from root + derivational morpheme e.g. ir+regular = irrigular

Lexical Gaps

WellWell-formed but nonexisting word Reason : a permissible sequence has no meaning attached to it <like blick or slarm or krobe> Possible comniations of morpheme never come into use (Ex. disobvious ,linguisticism) ,linguisticism) Word like *bnick is not a lexical gaps in English because English does not allow the sequence of bn

Compounds

Word + word = compound word (meaning may or may not change) When the two word are in the same grammatical category, compound will be in this category. Ex. Home(n.) + Work(n.) = homework (noun) Pick (v.) + pocket (n.) = pickpocket (noun)

 Compounds can be more than two words: Two-word compounds are the most common in English. Three word compounds: three-time loser Four word compounds: fourdimensional space-time

Compounds have internal structure

N. N. Adj. top N. hat rack N. rack Adj. top N. hat N. N. N.

Rack top hat Hat rack top

Meaning of compounds
Same meaning as the parts : a boathouse = (a house for boats) New meaning but relate to the meaning of the individual parts : a blackboard (can be in other colors, not just black) a Redcoat (slang for British soldier during American Revolutionary War)

For example

(turdus merula)

black bird

blackbird

For example

hot dog

hotdog

For example

(Giant Sequoia)

red wood

redwood

Acronyms

Acronyms are word derived from he initials of several word NASA <National Aeronautics and Space Agency> UNESCO <United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization>

Back formations

A new word may entry the language because of an incorrect morphological analysis. Example, peddle was derived from peddler on the mistaken assumption that the er was suffix. stoke --> stoker --> edit --> editor -->

Abbreviations

Abbreviations of longer words or phrases can become lexicalized Fax <facsimile> Telly (The British word for television)

Eponyms
Eponyms are word form proper names. Example: sandwich, robot, jumbo

Blends

Similar to compounds but parts of the words that are combined are deleted. Example: smog <from smok + fog>, motel <from motor + hotel>

The hierarchical structure of words represented by the tree diagram

A word is not a simple sequence of morphemes. It has an internal structure as shown in the following tree diagram:

Tree diagrams
N. Adj. un Adj. happy ness Morphological Rules 1. un + happy --> Adj. --> 2. adj. + ness --> N. -->

Other terms according to word formation:

Rule productivity Universality of compounding Suppletive Exception Expletive Allomorphs Default/elsewhere Homophonous morphemes Reduplication

Rule productivity

Morphological Rules are Productive because: They can be used freely to form new words from the list of free and bound morpheme. Some morphemes are more productive than others. Productive morphemes: Ex. -able or er Not Productive morphemes: Ex. let (piglet)

Universality of compounding

Universality compounding is a common and frequent process for enlarging the vocabulary of all language. Ex. Ex. In Thai, the word cat is m w, watch is fn, and house is ban. The word for watch cat is the compound m wfnban literally, catwatchhouse

Suppletive Exception

Suppletive are treated separately in the grammar, that cannot use the regular rules of inflectional morphology to add affixes to word the exception. Ex. child --> children woman --> women

Allomorph
Different form of morphemes that have the same meaning e.g. ir_, il_, im_, in_ = not _en, _ = to make to become to brighten our mind brighten to brown the garlic brown

Zero morpheme/ default/elsewhere

A zero morpheme is a morpheme, consisting of no form, that is proposed in some analyses as an allomorph of a morpheme that is ordinarily realized by a morph having some phonetic form. brown (adj) + > brown (verb) = "to make to become brown (er) " dark (adj) + _en > darken (verb) = to make to become dark (er)

Homophonous morphemes
Homophones: Homophones: morphemes that sound alike but have different meanings and spellings. Examples: bear, bare; plain, plane; Examples: bear, bare; plain, plane; cite, sight, site. cite, sight, site.

Reduplication
base
Reduplication is

the morphological process by which all or part of a word is copied or duplicated Some examples from Lakhota:

g sk sh th z

gloss Reduplicated form gig to be rusty brown skask to be white shash to be red thoth ziz to be blue or green to be yellow

Last Exercise
Good luck

A great person is an ordinary who decides to do the great thing.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/caneng /morpheme.htm http://www.ling.udel.edu/arena/morphology.html http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1175304 http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/caneng /morpheme.htm http://introling.ynada.com/session-6-types-ofmorphemes

References
http://campus.sou.edu/~nash/morphology.html http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_1998/ http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_1998/ ling001/morphology2 ling001/morphology2.html http://www.indiana.edu/~hlw/Inflection/morph emes.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-formation http://bogglesworldesl.com/glossary/grammatical morphemes.htm

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expletive_infixation http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/rbeard/homepa ge.html