CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN THE MUSLIM WORLD

MUSLIM MINORITIES IN SOUTEAST ASIA:

THAILAND
PRESENT BY:

AZZUBAIR NABIL HAKIM HAFIZUDDIN FAUZI

Copyright G815 CIMW/HS/CFS IIUM

BEFORE 846 A.D

THE SOUTHERN SEA ISLAND:

(SUMATRA , JAVA , BORNEO , SULALEVI OR SELEBES AND MALAKKA)

HINDUIST & BUDDHIST

ARAB MERCHANTS SPREAD ISLAM

EVIDENCES:

Arabic letters engraved on grave of women at Leran,Gresic (weak proof)

Sir Richard Windsted: his book, The Malays Cultural History

Marco Polo the Venetian meet some Arab merchants who teaching Islam to the governer and his family in Perlak Daughter of gavenor married with the teacher (Malik as-Salih)

Ibn Batutah
(a Morroccian traveller)

state that the city of Samudra was a centre of the Sunni Muslim

established a centre of Islamic spread

persuading King Saleh,king of Sumatra to embrace Islam

KING SALLEH
help spread Islam

introduce Islamic system into his state

spent a large sum of money to spread Islam into other island

SPREAD ISLAM THROUGH INDO-CHINA

E. Huber people of Champa accepted Islam during Tang Dynasty of China (618-906 AD) People of Champa: 1st century-Hinduism Later on,some of them embraced Islam after having comercial contact with the Islamic world (Basra,Seraf and Oman) FLOWCHART ISLAM Arab & Persian INDOCHINA CHINA (Tang Dynasty)

G. Maspero
(Kingdom of Champa)

E. Aymonier
(The People of Champa and Their Religion)

Arab & Persian

MALACCA
Function of Malacca in spreading Islam Malacca become a great centre of commerce and important port The King Parameswara (Megat Iskander Shah) embrace Islam Java and Siam expected to occupy Malacca The King seek assistance from China to protect his land. Reign Sultan Mahmud-Siam try to occupy Malacca- defeated Sultan expelled the armies of Nakhorn Sri Dhamaraj State Islam spread to Pattani and other cities in south of Siam

Islam existed before the Sukhothai period (1357 AD)

Kurkrit Pramoj (ex-Prime Minister of Thailand)

Islam existed since the beginning of the history of Thai nation.Islam came to Indonesia and the Penisular of Malaysia before another tribe of of people move from the Southern Unan

So,it is misleading to assume that Muslimns there are a people taking refuge in the land of Thai people.

Evidence Muslims in the southern part are natives.

43 BC renowned kingdom called Langkasuka. 220 AD-established the Tampornlingka Kingdom (Nakorn Sri Dharmaraj) 685 AD-established the Srivichai kingdom. -spread all over the Penisula and dominated Tampornlingka. 8th Srivichai declined,new kigdom,Mashpahit emerged. 1401-Srivichai power degenerated because influence of Islam

end of 8th until the beging 9th century-Islam settled in Pattani Kigdom founded by Phaya Taung Antara

According to legend

ISLAM IN PATTANI
King was seriously ill and no one could cure him Muslim doctor , Shaykh Said volunteered to cure him with condition king would convert to Islam if he recovered. The king promised that but he did not keep his promise. Once more he fell ill and was again cured by the same doctor. For the 3rd time,he agreed to embrace Islam with his wife and his daugthers. His courties and citizens converted to Islam.

AYUDDHAYA PERIOD (1590-1605)

Persian merchant-Shaykh Ahmad Qurni came to trade.

He was appointed as Samuhanayok (Prime Minister) by King Songdharm with title Chao Phraya Shaykh Ahmad

-to controlling the governing of the nothern part of Thailand.

-primogenitor of a number of Thai families.

WEST ASIAN/MIDDLE EAST

Social Condition
Pattani

Narathiwat

In south of Thailand, majority are Muslim (71.2%)

Yala

Songkhla

Thailand population:

Social institution influencing the life of Muslim in the south:

3. Malaysian Commuunity: origin, language, traditions, customs

1. Institution of Islam: religious practice, masjid, pondok

2. Institution of family

The Institution of Islam

The religious practices - Islam is the way of life - It related to every field in life - Islam teaches: worship one God, obey His teaching, behave morally, do good - Muslim in 4 provinces are more religious than other part Masjid - Place for Muslim for worship God - 1,064 masjids in 4 provinces - 11,019 in other provinces - It s the centre for assembling the Muslims

Pondok - Religious school in malay language - Thai Muslim in south learn Islam here - Established by religious teacher - No limitation (age & gender) for pupil - 1961, gov. modified pondok system (Teaching of Islam + vocational courses)

The Institution of Family & The Malaysian Community:

origin
- Muslims in 4 provinces are Malay origin - The successor in sailing

language
- (Melayu) language was oral language since 1446 A.D. - Arabic language spreded to Sumatra & Melayu Peninsula - Their writing language influenced, became yavi - They used less Thai language

local tradition & customs

- Besides the Islamic tradition & customs: marriage &ceremony, entertainment & games, dress, art (diferent kinds) - Early Langkasuka society + Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam =complex society - Islamization of Pattani+Hindu Buddhist culture = (Tanah Melayu)

Pattani Community

The rulers (Sultan)

The ruled

The rulers: -On the top is Sultan/head of the states

Religious leader

Non-royal descents Functionaries & High-ranking officials

ruling class

Royal person

Aristocrat, who related to the Sultan

The ruled

Subjects: - Need strong benefector leader

Debtbondsmen: - Debtors who could not pay back their debt in time, then brought to the family of creditors (toil)

Slaves: - Toil according to their master - Orang sakai origin - Because Islam forbid enslavements of Muslim

Religious group hierarchy system

The sultan
highest state official in religious ruling

mufti
Jude of the distinct

Qadi
Religious functionary

Imam/khateb/ bilal

19th & 20th century, most influential leaders in Pattani

Toh Krus
Traditional religious teacher

Ustads

Nontraditional religious teachers

Because pattani was dominated by pondok which

Taught religion.

Gave moral guidance to the Muslim villagers.

1902, Pattani region was officially under the reign of of King Rama V

Bangkok government had tried to bring it into national system

barrier: - geographical distance - cultural difference

Muslims in Pattani became the largest minority group, represent 75% of total population in 4 prrvinces

Pattani isolated from: -social -cultural -political institution

Population in 4 provinces in South Thailand

Thai Muslims The majority Belong to Shafi I section of Sunni Thai Buddhist Not from this area Live in municipal areas A few of them doing agriculture work, same economic life with Thai Muslims Chinese Descendents Live in municipal areas Generally are merchants Most stay in market place Only in district Betong, Yala they live together as a biggest group

Religious - In Islam the ultimate goal is become a man of all religious virtue - Religious leader respected by the people than the state authority

Cultural - Malay culture - Doing agriculture work

The barrier between Thai Muslims & other groups generally, between Thai Muslim & Thai Buddhist/ Thai Chinese particularly

Idealogical - The Muslims feel that there is no need to broaden their social circle

Language - Mostly speak Malay language

Rubber trees Coconut palms

Mines

Fisherman

Agriculture works Fruit trees

Climatic condition

Others

Economic Condition
Growing rice

Islamic Economy

Moral Economy Lands Buddhists

Muslims

Poorer

Small

Large

Richer

Shariah Court