MATTER

LEARNING OUTCOMES

A STUDENT IS ABLE TO : - Describe the particulate nature of matter - State the kinetic theory of matter - Defines atoms , molecules and ions

WHAT IS MATTER ???

- Anything that has mass and occupies space

EXAMPLES OF MATTER

Gas

STATES OF MATTER

Solid

Liquid

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER PURE SUBSTANCES ELEMENTS HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES COMPOUNDS

MIXTURES

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES

WHAT IS ELEMENT ??

Element is a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical changes and consists of only one type of atom
ANY EXAMPLES OF ELEMENTS ??

WHAT IS COMPOUND ?? Compound is a substance that can

be decomposed by chemical means into simpler substances and contains two or more elements that are chemically bonded together.
ANY EXAMPLES OF COMPOUNDS ??

WHAT IS MIXTURES ?? Mixtures are combination of two or

more pure substances in which each substance retains its own composition and properties .

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES Mixture which is not uniform throughout HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES Mixture which has uniform properties throughout ( also called solution )

MATTER

Made up of tiny and discrete particles

Atoms

Molecules

Ions

WHAT IS AN ATOM ??

An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can participate in a chemical reaction

WHAT IS MOLECULE ??

A molecule is a group of two or more atoms which are chemically bonded together

WHAT IS AN ION ??

An ion is a positively-charged or negatively-charged particle

PARTICLE THEORY OF MATTER

1. Matter is made up of a large number of tiny and discrete particles 2. The particles can be atoms , molecules and ions

KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

1. All matter is made up of a large number of tiny and discrete particles which are in continuous motion 2. When a matter is heated , the particles gain kinetic energy and move faster 3. When a matter is cooled , the particles lose kinetic energy and move slower

EVIDENCE THAT SUPPORT THE PARTICLE THEORY AND KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER
1. Brownian motion- evidence that matter is made up of particles in continuous motion 2. Diffusion evidence that matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles (activity 2.1 pg 9)

DIFFUSION
Diffusion is the movement of particles of a substance in between the particles of another substance from region of higher concentration to lower concentration

Gas

STATES OF MATTER

Solid

Liquid

CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE STATES OF MATTER

- Arrangement of particles - Movement of particles - Attractive forces between particles - Energy content - Rate of diffusion - Volume and shape - Density

CHANGES OF STATES The change in the state of matter is caused by heating (gain kinetic energy ) or cooling (lose kinetic energy )

CHANGES OF STATES GAS

Heating Cooling

Melting

SOLID
Freezing

LIQUID

SOLID
Heated

Melting

LIQUID
T=Melting Point

The particles in the solid gain kinetic energy and vibrate more vigorously

The particles vibrate faster as the temperature increases

Until the energy they gained is able to overcome the forces that hold them at their position

HEATING CURVE OF SOLID NAPHTHALENE

T/(0C )
Latent Heat Of Fusion

Melting point
A

Time /(min)

EXPLANATION ON HEATING CURVE OF SOLID NAPHTHALENE

AT POINT A
Naphthalene exists as solid - When solid is heated heat energy is absorbed - Causes the particles to gain kinetic energy and vibrate faster - That is why the temperature increases from point A to point B (AB)

HC

EXPLANATION ON HEATING CURVE OF SOLID NAPHTHALENE

AT POINT B - Solid naphthalene begins to melt - During the melting process the temperature of naphthalene does not rise , even though heating continuous . - The T remain constant because the heat energy absorbed by the particles is used to overcome the forces between particles,so that the solid can turn into liquid

AT POINT B - This constant T is the melting point of naphthalene . - At this temperature both solid and liquid are present ( along BC)

** Melting point is the temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid at a particular pressure

EXPLANATION ON HEATING CURVE OF SOLID NAPHTHALENE

AT POINT C - All the solid naphthalene has melted - Along CD , the particles in liquid naphthalene absorb heat energy and move faster the T increases from point C to point D

WHAT HAPPENS IF THE LIQUID IS CONTINUOUSLY HEATED ???

HEATING CURVE OF SOLID NAPHTHALENE

T/(0C ) Boiling point Melting point
A B C E

Time /(min)

PLEASE EXPLAIN WHAT HAPPENS AT POINT D , E AND F

** Boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid change into a gas at a particular pressure

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN HOT LIQUID NAPHTHALENE IS COOLED ???

LIQUID
Cooled

Freezing

SOLID
T=Freezing Point

The particles in the liquid lose energy andmove slower

As the T continues to drop the particles continue to lose more energy

Until they do not have enough energy to move freely.At this point, the liquid changes into a solid

COOLING CURVE OF LIQUID NAPHTHALENE

T/(0C )
G

Freezing Point

I J

Time /(min)

EXPLANATION ON COOLING CURVE OF LIQUID NAPHTHALENE

AT POINT G
Naphthalene exists as liquid - When liquid is cooled heat energy is released - Causes the particles to lose kinetic energy and move slower - That is why the temperature decreases from point G to point H(GH)

EXPLANATION ON COOLING CURVE OF LIQUID NAPHTHALENE

AT POINT H - Liquid naphthalene begins to freeze - During the freezing process the temperature of naphthalene remains constant , even though cooling continuous . - The T remain constant because the heat loss to the surroundings is exactly balance by the heat energy liberated as the particles attract one another to form a solid

AT POINT H - This constant T is the freezing point of naphthalene . - At this temperature both solid and liquid are present ( along GH) * Freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid at a particular pressure * The freezing and melting points of a pure substance are the same

EXPLANATION ON COOLING CURVE OF LIQUID NAPHTHALENE

AT POINT I -All the liquid naphthalene has frizzed - Along IJ , the solid is cooled. The

particles in the solid vibrate slower as the temperature decreases

Experiment 2.2

The melting and freezing points of naphthalene

LET US DO IT NOW ON PAGE 12 U MASTERI

HEATING AND COOLING CURVE OF SOLID NAPHTHALENE

T/(0C)
F

D B A C

H I J K

Time /(min)

STRUCTURE OF ATOM ATOM - DERIVED FROM GREEK WORD

ATOMOS WHICH MEANS INDIVISIBLE

DALTON S ATOMIC MODEL

J.J THOMSON S ATOMIC MODEL

RUTHERFORD S ATOMIC MODEL

BOHR S ATOMIC MODEL

CHADWICK S ATOMIC MODEL

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES OF AN ATOM

PROTON

ELECTRON

NEUTRON

PROTON

ELECTRON

NUCLEUS

NEUTRON

THE PRORPERTIES OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

Sub Atomic Particles
Mass / kg

Proton (p)

Neutron ( n)

Electron ( e-)

1.675 X 10-27 1.675 X 10-27 9.11 X 10-31 +1.60 X 10-19 0 -1.60 X 10-19

Electric Charge/C Relative Mass Relative electric charge

1 +1

1 0

1/ 1837 =0.0005 -1

PROTON NUMBER AND NUCLEON NUMBER Proton number = Number of protons in of an element the nucleus of an atom (Z) Nucleon number = Total number of protons and neutrons in the of an element , nucleus of an atom (A) Since atoms are neutral , The number of p = The number of e-

PROTON NUMBER AND NUCLEON NUMBER From definition , Nucleon number = Number of protons (A) + number of neutrons Therefore , Nucleon number = Proton number (A) + number of neutrons

Therefore , The number of neutron = A - Z

Notes :

For first 20 elements , number of n = number of p or p +1 So , A = 2( proton number ) or 2( proton number) +1

QUICK REVIEW 1. A fluorine atom has 9 protons and 10 neutrons . What is the proton number and nucleon number of the atom ? Answer : Proton number = 9 Nucleon number = 9 + 10 = 19

1. Atom Q has a proton number of 11 and a nucleon number of 23 . How many protons , electrons and neutrons are present in the atom ? Answer : The number of proton = 11 The number of electrons = 11 The number of neutrons = 23 11 = 12 EXPLAIN HOW DID YOU GET THE ANSWER

SYMBOL OF ELEMENT Nucleon number A Z Proton number Symbol of element

- consist of one or two letters

EXAMPLE 23 11

Na

The name of element : _______________ The proton number : _______________ The nucleon number : _______________ The number of protons , electrons and neutrons in the atom of this element ?

QUICK REVIEW
Atom Symbol 12 6W 35 17X 14 6Y

Proton No. Nucleon No. Number of proton Number of electron Number of neutron

QUICK REVIEW 1. Atom X has 4 protons and 5 neutrons a) Find the proton number and nucleon number of element X . b) Represent atom X in the form of
A Z

ISOTOPES ISOTOPES are atoms of the same element with the different numbers of neutrons Therefore , ISOTOPES have the same proton number but different nucleon number

EXAMPLES OF ISOTOPES

ATOMS
NO. OF PROTON NO.OF NEUTRON NO.OF ELECTRON

12

6c

13

6c

14

COMPARISON BETWEEN ISOTOPES ISOTOPES SIMILARITIES

 NUMBER OF PROTONS  NUMBER OF ELECTRONS  PROTON NUMBER  CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

DIFFERENCES
 NUMBER OF NEUTRONS  NUCLEON NUMBER  PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

C-14 - Estimate age of fossils

P-32- studied the metabolisme of P plants

USES OF ISOTOPES IN DAILY LIVES

Co-60 - radiotherapy

Gamma rays of Co-60 - Destroy bacteria

ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

Shell 1 - max 2e Shell 2 max 8e
x x xx SHELL 3 x x x x x x x

Shell 3-max 8e/ 18e Nucleus

MAX 8e

- MAX 18e

FOR ELEMENTS WITH PROTON NUMBER OF 1 TO 20 FOR ELEMENTS WITH PROTON NUMBER MORE THAN 20

HOW TO ARRANGE THE ELECTRONS IN THE SHELL ??

First , electrons occupy the shell closest to the nucleus Max 2eThey only start occupying a new shell when the previous one has been occupied

VALENCE ELECTRONS
Definition : The electrons in the outermost occupied shell xx The electron arrangement of a x fluorine atom is 2.7 x F x x There are 7 electrons in the x xx outermost occupied shell of the fluorine atom Therefore the valence electrons of a fluorine atom is 7

Atoms of elements which have same number of valence electron have same chemical properties .
Why ??
The valence electrons took place in formation and broken chemical bonding during the chemical reaction

GROUP AND PERIOD

From electron arrangement of an atom of element , we could determine the Group and Period of the element in Periodic Table .

Group based on the total number of valence electrons Period based on the total of shell occupied with electrons

Relationship between valence electrons and Group in Periodic Table

Valence electron

Group

1 1

2 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 13 14 15 16 17 18

Relationship between number of shell occupied with electrons and Period in Periodic Table
No. of shell

Period

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 7

23 11
Proton number Nucleon number Number of protons Number of neutrons Number of electrons

Na
= = = = = 11 23 11 23-11 = 12 11 2.8.1 1 =

Electron arrangement of sodium atom = Total number of valence electrons

Group = 1 Total number of shell occupied with electrons = 3 Period = 3

END OF TOPIC 2

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