Professional Documents
Culture Documents
What you've learned is the source of the background information you use to communicate with others. If you haven't learned more than your audience already knows, there is nothing for you to share.
Research is a systematic, formal rigorous and precise process employed to gain solutions to problems and/or to discover and interpret new facts and relationships. (Waltz and Bausell, 1981).
Research is the process of looking for a specific answer to a specific question in an organized objective reliable way (Payton, 1979).
Research is systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among natural phenomena (Kerlinger, 1973).
Discovering, interpreting, and the development of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge on a wide variety of scientific matters of our world and the universe. Scientific research relies on the application of the scientific method, a harnessing of curiosity. Social research refers to research conducted by social scientists.
Smooth & efficient sailing (sets boundaries & prevents blind search) Yields maximum information (avoids collection of unnecessary data) Costs least in terms of effort, time & money Maximizes reliability of results Provides firm foundation to the endeavor Averts misleading conclusions & thoughtless exercise Helps organizing ones ideas Gives chance to foresee flaws & inadequacies (anticipates problems) Incorporates by learning from others critical comments & evaluations Like a successful journey, y Broadens your mind y Gives fascinating & exciting experience y Gives insight into world around you y Provides opportunity to meet people y Gives fun and reward, but at times, very tedious
Exploratory
Become familiar with the basic facts, setting and concerns. Create a general mental picture of conditions. Formulate and focus questions for future research. Generate new ideas, conjectures, or hypotheses. Determine the feasibility of conducting research. Develop techniques and locating future data.
Descriptive
Provide a detailed highly accurate picture. Locate new data that contradicts past data. Create a set of categories or classify types. Classify a sequence of steps or stages. Document a causal process or mechanism. Report on the background or context of the situation.
Explanatory
Test a theory prediction or principle. Elaborate and enrich theorys explanation. Extend a theory to new issues or topics. Support or refute an explanation or prediction. Link issues or topics with a general principle. Determine which or several explanation is best.
Cont. ..
It is easy to suggest a problem but difficult to make a good research design Each problem/research work is unique & demands unique research design & unique combination of methods and techniques Comprehensive Flexible CHOOSES APPROPRIATE COMBINATION OF METHODS AND TECHNIQUES :- This suggest that the design should be such that it chooses appropriate combination of methods and techniques based on objectives, possible implications of results and overall environment, current knowledge etc. SHOULD BE ACCEPTABLE:- This point suggests that the design should be
universally acceptable and understood by persons. It should be simple, clear and easily understood by laymen. Efficient, economical, maximum Reliability, minimum Biases & Smallest Error
1. Select a Topic
7. Inform Others
2. Focus Question
5. Analyze Data
4. Collect Data
y Basic research
y Conducted to develop, test, or refine theory
Applied research
Examples
Developing seventh grade social studies curriculum around a problem-solving approach to learning Examining the effectiveness of a computer-based algebra program developed around a mastery learning approach Accommodating varied learning styles when teaching lessons in modern literature
Evaluation research
Conducted to assess the merit or worth of a specific
Descriptive/survey
Purpose to describe current conditions Examples How many students drop out of school in LNU? What are the attitudes of parents, students, and teachers to an extended school year? What kinds of activities typically occur in sixth-grade art classes, and how frequently does each occur? What have been the reactions of school administrators to innovations in teaching physical science? To what extent are elementary teachers using math manipulative? Characteristics Use of large samples Use of tests, questionnaires, and surveys Focused on information related to preferences, attitudes, practices, concerns, or interests Statistical analysis of numerical data Potential problems Instrument development Low response rates Honest responses from subjects
Historical research
y Purpose to gain insight into past events, issues, of
based curriculum can be understood more completely if one recognizes the historical top-down control of curriculum imposed on teachers by the State Department of Education. y Current parochial school policies can be better understood with knowledge of the role these schools have played in the education of students in the community for the last fifty years.
y Characteristics
y Focus on specific individuals, social issues, events, or policies y Documents and artifacts are the primary sources of data y Data is already available and is complied, presented, and