CONSCIOUSNESS M11

Circadian rhythm
 Definition
Regular fluctuation from high to low points of certain bodily functions and behaviors within each 24-hr period.
Bp, heart rate, appetite, hormonal secretion, digestive enzymes, sensory acuity, body s response to medication follow circadian rhythm.

 Controlled by suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN),

located in hypothalamus *not strictly biological

Environmental cues also influences CR Eg: bright light (sunlight)

 Important CR
1. Sleep/wakefulness cycle 2. Body temperature fluctuation Normal temp : 97-97.5 between 3.00-4.00am to 98.6 between 6.00-8.00 pm People sleep best when body temp is low 3. Alertness Most alert when body temperature is at its daily high point Alertness decrease between 2.00-5.00 pm and between 2.00-7.00 am

Disruptions in CR
 Chronic jet lag produces memory deficits that

could be permanent.  Melatonin can alleviate jet lag in long-distance travelers.  Exposure to bright sunlight in early morning and avoidance during evening can restore CR  Alertness and performance deteriorates if people work during subjective night, when biological clock tells them to sleep.
Energy and efficiency are at lowest during subjective night, reaction time is lowest, productivity diminished.

IMPORTANCE OF SLEEP
1. Learning and memory: Sleep helps the brain commit new information to memory through a process called memory consolidation. 2. Metabolism and weight: Chronic sleep deprivation may cause weight gain by affecting the way our bodies process and store carbohydrates, and by altering levels of hormones that affect our appetite. 3. Safety: Sleep debt contributes to a greater tendency to fall asleep during the daytime. These lapses may cause falls and mistakes such as medical errors, air traffic mishaps, and road accidents. 4. Mood: Sleep loss may result in irritability, impatience, inability to concentrate, and moodiness. 5. Cardiovascular health: Serious sleep disorders have been linked to hypertension, increased stress hormone levels, and irregular heartbeat. 6. Disease: Sleep deprivation alters immune function, including the activity of the body s killer cells. Keeping up with sleep may also help fight cancer.

EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION (TOO LITTLE SLEEP)

1.

Effects on growth Sleep deprivation resulted in reduced cortisol secretion the next day, driven by increased subsequent slow-wave sleep. Effects on the healing process A group of rats which were deprived of REM sleep for five days had no significant effect on their ability to heal wounds, compared to a group of rats not deprived of "dream" sleep. Microsleeps The brain automatically shuts down, falling into a sleep state for a period that can last from a second to half a minute. The person falls asleep no matter what activity he or she is engaged in. Microsleeps are similar to blackouts and a person experiencing them is not consciously aware that they are occurring. Weight gain or loss Sleep deprivation could be disrupting hormones that regulate glucose metabolism and appetite.

2.

3.

4.

Activity 1: Sleep and biological rhythms

1.3 Define and describe (with figures or tables) the stages of sleep ( Stage 1-Stage 5) which must include: Alfa, Theta, Delta and Beta wavelength Physiology and physical characteristic at each stages (i.e.: hypnagogic and myoclonia state) Characteristic REM and Non-REM in each stages

Stage

Waveform type

Physiology and physical characteristic

Characteristic REM and Non-REM in each stages Eye movement slow down Eye movement stops. Almost the same as stage 4 Bed-wetting and sleepwalking usually occur at the end of stage 4 sleep. breathing becomes fast, irregular and shallow. Your eyes will move rapidly and your muscles become immobile. Heart rate and blood pressure increase. Men may develop erections.

1 2

Theta waves Sleep spindles (sleepers are more difficult to awaken in stage two than stage one) Delta waves (EEG registers 20% delta waves) Delta waves (EEG registers 50%-100% delta waves)

hypnic myoclonia or myoclonic jerks (sudden jerk movement) A short period of calm interrupted by brief flashes of intent activities transitional period between light sleep and a very deep sleep Delta waves continue to increase and eventually reach deepest sleep, which is the hardest to awaken. eye movement, increased respiration rate, increased brain activity

3 4

REM (rapid eye movement) aka paradoxical sleep

 Nightmares Night terrors Sleep walking Sleep talking

SLEEP PHENOMENA

 Definition: A terrifying or deeply upsetting dream, occurring during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep that arouses feelings of intense, inescapable fear, terror, distress, or extreme anxiety that usually awakens the sleeper.

WHY DO I GET NIGHTMARES? Physical causes :

sleeping in an uncomfortable or awkward

position having a fever

Psychological causes:
Stress and anxiety. Eating before bed, which triggers an increase

in the body's metabolism and brain activity PTSD

HOW TO PREVENT NIGHTMARES? Get a healthy sleep routine Prayers before sleep!

Night terrors
(a.k.a sleep terror/ pavor nocturnus) Definition: An emotional episode (usually in young children) in which the person awakens in terror with feelings of anxiety and fear but is unable to remember any incident that might have provoked those feelings. It is characterized by extreme terror and a temporary inability to regain full consciousness.

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: Children (age 2-6, 15% affected)

bolting upright' with their eyes wide open, with a look of

fear and panic, and often scream sweat, breathe fast and have a rapid heart rate (autonomic signs) although it seems like children are awake during a night terror, they will appear confused, will not be consolable and will not recognize others evidence shown that predisposition to night terrors and other parasomniac disorders can be passed genetically emotional stress during the previous day and a high fever are most common in night terror episodes

 Adult
If sufferer does not eat proper diet, get appropriate

amount of sleep, endures stressful events in their life or they remain untreated, the night terrors can occur every night Often trauma-based rather than genetic, chronic, and often respond to psychotherapy treatment and antidepressant medication Evidence of a link between adult night terrors and hypoglycemia

TREATMENT:
Night terrors are most commonly triggered by being overtired

no treatment necessary except ensure proper sleep (bedtime schedule) If the night terrors are more frequent the sufferer should be awakened from sleep just before the time when the terrors occur most to interrupt the sleep cycle

Also known as samnambulism

SLEEPWALKING

DEFINITION
 

Sleep walkers are usually unaware of their activity In the definition of sleep walking, a sufferer may display several characteristics such as: they are hard to wake - their eyes may be open but they may looked dazed and be unaware of their surroundings or those around them. They may sit up in bed and then wander around the room. They may also use incoherent speech and they may do repetitive things like switching on an off lights, or opening and closing a door.

The definition of sleep walking is actually being re-evaluated at present, in a social and legal context, where the criminal actions of sleepwalkers in certain cases are being judged.  A sleep walker can go back to sleep some place other than bed, depending on how far he or she has walked.

SLEEPWALKING


It is a series of complex behaviours that are initiated during slow wave sleep and result in walking. Sleep walking disorder occurs during the rapid eye movement (REM) phase of sleep, which is also the dream stage of sleep. Under normal conditions, as soon as a sleeper slips into REM sleep, the body becomes paralysed to protect the person from acting out his/her dreams. However with sleep walking disorder this paralysis does not occur, leaving the person vulnerable to harming themselves or even others, as he tries to enact his/her dreams. This is the opposite of the disorder known as sleep paralysis, where the victim awakens while his body is paralysed. This disorder is often accompanied by vivid and frightening hallucinations, as the sleeper brings his dreams with him into the waking world.

 Sleep walking disorder that starts at an early

age, generally disappears as the child gets older.

 Some of the symptoms and features to look for

in sleep walking disorder include: 1. difficulty in rousing the individual during an episode; 2. amnesia following an episode; 3. episodes typically occurring in the first third of the sleep episode and sleep terrors.

CAUSES OF SLEEPWALKING
 There are several possibilities when looking at sleep walking a) b) c) d) e)

causes, including stress, fatigue alcohol drug abuse. Lack of sleep

 It is thought that a full bladder may act as one of the sleep

walking causes, and it does have some credibility, so fluids should be restricted before bedtime. or psychological factors are also known to be likely sleep walking causes.

CAUSES OF SLEEPWALKING
may also be related to a) fatigue, b) prior sleep loss, or c) anxiety.
 In children, sleep walking causes are usually unknown, but

 In adults, sleep walking causes are usually associated with a

disorder of the mind, but may also be seen with reactions to drugs and/or medications, alcohol, and medical conditions such as partial complex seizures.

 if an adult sleep walker begins dangerous activities such as

driving while "sleepwalking."

Somniloquy Can happen in any stage of sleep.

SLEEP TALKING

 Somniloquy or sleep-talking is a parasomnia that

refers to talking aloud in one's sleep. It can be quite loud, ranging from simple sounds to long speeches, and can occur many times during sleep.

 Listeners may or may not be able to understand

what the person is saying.

 usually occurs during transitory arousals from NREM

sleep, which is when the body does not move smoothly from one stage in NREM sleep to another, and they become partially aroused from sleep.

 Sleep-talking can occur by itself or as a feature of

another sleep disorder such as:

1. Rapid eye movement behavior disorder (RBD) -

loud, emotional or profane sleep talking 2. Sleepwalking 3. Night terror - intense fear, screaming, shouting 4. Sleep-related eating disorder (SRED)

 How is it treated?  Sleep talking tends to be harmless and does not require treatment.

Why do some people talk in their sleep?

Nobody knows for sure. Children seem to be prone to it, especially if they sleepwalk too.
 Make sure the sleep talker gets plenty of sleep every    

night, someone who is sleep deprived is more likely to sleep talk. Reduce the stress and anxiety levels Keep to a regular schedule of going to bed and getting up at the same time Don't eat a heavy meal right before bedtime If an episode occurs, make sure the sleep talker is safe and gently soothe them

SLEEPING DISORDERS
1. 2. 3.

Insomnia Narcolepsy Sleep apnea

Insomnia
 Definition: sleep disorders in which the person has difficulty falling    

asleep or staying asleep. Sleep-onset insomnia: individuals have difficulty falling asleep at the hour at which they would like, but sleep is normal after it begins. Early-awakening insomnia: waking up earlier than desired, either several times in the middle of the night or early in the morning. Common: in individuals undergoing periods of stress, anxiety or depression. People with little education, lower income. Management: - Cognitive therapy: correcting a few misconceptions about the nature of sleep. - follow the rules of good sleep hygiene, take a warm bath, get a massage, listen to music, drink warm milk, drink herbal tea, sleep on a firm mattress, count something and using relaxation techniques.

Narcolepsy
 Definition: Sleep disorder in which the person suddenly falls asleep

during activities usually performed when fully awake, even when the person has had adequate sleep.
 Occur in less than one-half of 1% of the general population. Its

impact can be quite serious.

 Occurs in the middle of work or during conversation with others,

especially when upset or stressed.

 The person experiences loss of muscle tone, lack of body movement.  Not REM sleep  Management:

- supplementary melatonin, relaxation, herbal tea, chromotherapy (color therapy) and aromatherapy

Sleep apnea
What is sleep apnea?? Common disorder in which you have one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you sleep (airway has collapsed or is blocked during sleep)
 Breathing pauses can last from a few seconds to minutes. They often occur

5 to30 times or more an hour.  Typically, normal breathing then starts again, sometimes with a loud snort or choking sound.  usually is a chronic (ongoing) condition that disrupts sleep  snore loudly, but not all people is snoring
 Obstructive sleep apnea :  unable to get enough air through your mouth and nose into your lungs  amount of oxygen in your blood may drop

Sleep apnea (cont)

 Outlook:  Increase the risk of high blood pressure, heart

attack, stroke, obesity, and diabetes

 Increase the risk of, or worsen, heart failure  Make arrhythmias (ah-RITH-me-ahs), or irregular heartbeats  Increase the chance of having work-related or driving accidents  Treatment:

Lifestyle changes- weight loss, sleeping position mouthpieces Surgery tracheotomy, tonsillectomy, pull forth mandible or tongue breathing devices

ACTIVITY 4: SLEEP HYGIENE SLEEP HYGIENE REFERS TO THE PRACTICE OF GUIDELINES TO ENSURE RESTFUL AND EFFECTIVE SLEEP. LIST AND EXPLAIN TEN FACTORS HAVE AN EFFECT ON SLEEP.

Factors that have effects on sleep

 Environment - A quiet environment for sleeping is the most preferred as this will relax our mind. - However, some people find a familiar noise e.g. traffic, is comforting when they fall asleep. Again, it is your own preference.

 Age - Younger, more children sleep for about 10-12 hours,

8 hours per day for adults, aged 5-6 hours a day.

 Bedroom - A cooler bedroom is thought to enable a better

environment for sleep as it mirrors the fall in the core body temperature of the sleeper. - Hotter environments can lead to a more disturbed night s sleep as it affects the REM sleep and can lead to more awakenings during the night.

 Light - A dark room is favoured by most to fall asleep in  Eating & drinking - Try not to go to bed on a full stomach as the body will still be trying to digest the food. - Going to bed hungry may disrupt your sleep. Drinking before bed may disturb your sleep as you may need to urinate during the night, so try to avoid drinking about an hour before bed.

 Baths - Having a bath may relax you as water can have a calming effect on us. - It is also thought to cause a reactive decrease in our body temperatures which allows us to sleep more readily.  Stimulants - Avoiding stimulants such as caffeine, alcohol and nicotine before you sleep can help your body relax quicker as these will stimulate the body rather than letting it unwind.

 Emotional - Where emotional changes will cause a blood disorder

that causes insomnia, or even sick.

 Naps - Try not to nap during the day as this will affect your

sleeping pattern, and if you cannot keep awake, then nap for no longer than an hour.
 Clutter free - A bedroom that is free of electronic devices is also

thought to aid a better night s sleep - Watching TV in bed is a delay for actual sleep to commence and is thought to steal valuable sleep time. Removing clutter from your room will hopefully help remove the clutter from your mind.

THANK YOU!!