4.

1.

R.C.C frame structure Floors

2.

2 cellars (vehicle parking)+G+5 floors Combined footings & Isolated footings Rectangular & Square columns Rectangular beams 350KN/m2 31.38m

3.

Types of footings

4.

Columns

5. 6. 7.

Beams S.B.C of soil Total height of building

 A column is defined as a compression member, the

effective length of which exceeds three times the least lateral dimension. Compression members, whose lengths do not exceed three times the least lateral dimension, may be made of plain concrete.  A column forms a very important component of a structure. Columns support beams which in turn support walls and slabs. It should be realized that the failure of a column results in the collapse of the structure. The design of a column should therefore receive importance.

 Reinforced concrete columns have a high compressive strength and low tensile strength. Theoretically concrete should need no reinforcement when it is subjected to compression. Reinforcements are provided in order to reduce the size of the columns.

 Supporting the slabs is the main function of the columns. Such slabs are called simply supported slabs. Simply supported slabs could be either one way slab or a two-way slab. It depends on the dimensions of the slab.

A column may be classified based on different criteria such as:

1. Based on shape
Rectangle Square Circular Polygon

2. Based on slenderness ratio

Short column, < 12 Long column, > 12

3. Based on type of loading Axially loaded column A column subjected to axial load and uniaxial bending A column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending 4. Based on pattern of lateral reinforcement Tied columns Spiral columns

Types of Reinforcements for columns and their requirements

Longitudinal Reinforcement: Minimum area of cross-section of longitudinal bars must be at least 0.8% of gross section area of the column. Maximum area of cross-section of longitudinal bars must not exceed 6% of the gross cross-section area of the column. The bars should not be less than 12mm in diameter. Minimum number of longitudinal bars must be four in rectangular column and 6 in circular column. Spacing of longitudinal bars measures along the periphery of a column should not exceed 300mm.

Transverse reinforcement: It may be in the form of lateral ties or spirals. The diameter of the lateral ties should not be less than 1/4th of the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar and in no case less than 6mm.
The pitch of lateral ties should not exceed

Least lateral dimension. 16 x diameter of longitudinal bars (small). 300mm.

Reinforced column

 Limit State Method of a design in an improvement of ultimate load design. In the Limit State Method a structure is designed to withstand all loads likely on it in this duration of its life span and also to satisfy the serviceability requirements before failure can occur.

The following limit states are considered in the design of structure

Limit state of collapse: The design based on the limit state of collapse
provides the necessary of safety of structures against partial or total collapse of the structure.

Limit state of serviceability: This limit states relates to the performance

of the structure at working loads and prevents objectionable deflection, cracking, vibration etc...

Limit state of durability: Rain, floods, fire, earthquake, serious weather

etc... of forces of nature which may effect the durability of structure. Limits in the form of specification are provided to cover the durability of structure.

 The moment distribution method was first introduced by Prof. Hardy Cross in 1932, and is without doubt, one of the most important contributions to structural analysis in the twentieth century. It is an ingenious & convenient method of handling the stress analysis of rigid jointed structures.  The method of moment distribution usually does not involve as many simultaneous equations and is often much shorter than any of the methods of analysis of indeterminate beams.  Moment Distribution is a mechanical process dealing with indeterminate structures  It is basically a numerical technique which enables successive approximations to the final set of moments carried by a rigid-jointed structure to be made by a systematic locking and relaxing of the joints of the structural element(s).

Structural members must be designed to support specific loads. Loads are those forces for which a structure should be proportioned. Loads that act on structure can be divided into three categories. Dead loads Live loads Environmental loads

Dead Loads:
Dead loads are those that are constant in magnitude and fixed in location throughout the lifetime of the structure. It includes the weight of the structure and any permanent material placed on the structure, such as roofing, tiles, walls etc. They can be determined with a high degree of accuracy from the dimensions of the elements and the unit weight of the material.

Live loads:
Live loads are those that may vary in magnitude and may also change in location. Live loads consists chiefly occupancy loads in buildings and traffic loads in bridges. Live loads at any given time are uncertain, both in magnitude and distribution.

Environmental loads:
Consists mainly of snow loads, wind pressure and suction, earthquake loads (i.e. inertial forces) caused by earthquake motions. Soil pressure on subsurface portion of structures, loads from possible ponding of rainwater on flat surfaces and forces caused by temperature differences. Like live loads, environmental loads at any given time are uncertain both in magnitude and distribution.

Characteristic Strengths of Steel: fy = 500N/mm2, 250 N/mm2 fy = 425 N/mm2, 250 N/mm2 Recommended Grades of Structural Concrete: Grades 30, 35 and 40 (fck = 30, 35, 40 N/mm2 respectively) Lower grades are not recommended for use in structures and the use of higher concrete grades is rarely economically justified.

Dead load of slab = 0.1525 = 3.75 N/m2 Partition load = 11= 1.0 N/m2 Plinth load =11.5 = 1.5 N/m2 Live load = 14 = 4 N/m2 = 10.25 N/m2

Dead load of slab = 0.1325 = 3.25N/m2 Partition load = 11 = 1.0 N/m2 Plinth load = 11.5 = 1.5 N/m2 Live load = 12 = 2 N/m2 = 7.75 N/m2

S.NO 1.

TYPE OF LOAD Slab load

FLOOR LOAD 7.7256.95 10.25 = 550.31 21.6250.3 0.625 = 97.31 21.6250.23 3.0620 = 304.4 952.0

PLINTH LOAD

ROOF LOAD 7.756.95 7.75 = 416.08 21.6250.3 0.625 = 97.31 100.1151 20 =23.0 536.4

2.

Beam load

14.650.3 0.625 = 65.925

3.

Brick load

65.925

7 floors

79520 =6664.0 F.L + P.L+ R.L 7266.4

Loads= =

4.

Column load

31.380.45 1.2025 = 423.7

Total load on column = 7266.4 + 423.7 = 7960 105.98 = 7584.02 KN

1. Load on column P = 7585KN 2. fck = 25 fy = 415

3. Section : 450 1200 4. Mux = 846 0.457 = 386.62 KN-m 1.5 = 579.93 KN-m Muy = 350.47 0.425 = 148.92 KN-m 1.5 = 223.38 KN-m 5. Moment due to minimum eccentricity Mex = 7585 0.02 = 151.7 KN-m Mey = 7585 0.02 = 151.7 KN-m

6. (Pu/fckbd) = [(1.5x7585x10x10x10) (254501200)] = 0.843 7. As a first trial, assume the % of steel p = 5% . . (P/fck) = (5.5/25) = 0.22 8. Uniaxial moment capacity of the section about x-x axis (d/D) = 0.12 0.15 9. For (d/D) = 0.15 & (Pu/fck b D) = 0.843 & (P/fck) = 0.22

. . (Mu/fck b D2) = 0.12 . . Mux1 = 0.12 25 1200 450450 = 729 KN-m Uniaxial moment capacity of the section about y-y axis (d /D) = (53/1200) = 0.044 0.1