VANET: Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET)

VANET stands for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network It is a technology that uses moving cars as nodes in a network to create a mobile network. VANETs are a subset of MANET Turns every participating car into a wireless router or node, allowing cars approximately 100 to 300 metres of each other to connect and, in turn, create a network with a wide range

Ad-Hoc Network: is a wireless technology where all nodes are one level topology and can communicate directly with each other without the use of centralized nodes

The high mobility of nodes For a faster rate of deployment To offer the service at no charge

Mobile devices communicate in peer-to-peer fashion Self-organizing network without the need of fixed network infrastructure Multi-hop communication Decentralized,mobility-adaptive operation

What are in a vehicular network

Vehicles (on-board unit) Road side unit/equipment Communication protocols Vehicle to vehicle Vehicle to road side Vehicle to handheld device Network infrastructure GPS (optional) Back-end system

Personal area networking cell phone, laptop, ear phone, wrist watch Military environments soldiers, tanks, planes Civilian environments Mesh networks taxi cab network meeting rooms sports stadiums boats, small aircraft Emergency operations search-and-rescue policing and fire fighting

The distribution of nodes changes rapidly and unexpectedly

The wireless links initialize and break down frequently and unpredictably.

The OBUs are forced to organize the network distributively

Requirements: Reliability Minimum latency Minimum collisions High dissemination speed Problems: No feedback No prior control messaging Hidden node problem Different traffic volumes Different environments (Urban or rural)

Co-operative Collision Warning

Lane Change Warning

Intersection Collision Warning

Approaching Emergency vehicle

Rollover Warning

Work Zone Warning

Coupling/Decoupling

Inter-Vehicle Communications

Electronic Toll Collection

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The main categorized applications of VANETs are

Public Safety
Co-operative Collision warning [V-V] Intersection Collision Warning Approaching Emergency Vehicle Work Zone Warning [R-V]

Non-Public Safety
Electronic Toll Collection Data Transfer Parking Lot Payment Traffic Information

Vehicles detect congestion when:

# Vehicles > Threshold 1 Speed < Threshold 2

Relay congestion information

Hop-by-hop message forwarding Other vehicles can choose alternate routes

Prevent pile-ups when a vehicle decelerates rapidly

Safety concerns Traffic conditions Driving comfort Economical reasons

DSRC: Dedicated Short Range Communications In the USA (IEEE): WAVE, Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments In Europe (CEN): General Specifications for Medium-Range PreInformation Via Dedicated Short-Range Communication In Japan (ARIB): Dedicated Short-Range Communication System

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restricted mobility (highways and roads) fast topology changes (network nodes move at high speeds) no power and storage limitations nodes are aware of their position (via GPS)

Advantages: restricted mobility (highways and roads) no power and storage limitations nodes are aware of their position (via GPS) Disadvantages: fast topology changes (network nodes move at high speeds) less reliable and suboptimal

Highly dynamic topology Frequently disconnected network (Intermittent connectivity) Patterned Mobility Propagation Model Unlimited Battery Power and Storage On-board Sensors

 1. 2.

Uses DSRC as a protocol Range of 300m to 1km 10MHZ wide channel Automotive sensors: Autonomous sensors Co-operative sensors Roadside base station provides information to driver using the network

Security Electronic license plates Vehicular public key infrastructure Dealing with bogus messages with traffic information.

Formed by wireless hosts which may be mobile Without (necessarily) using a pre-existing infrastructure Routes between nodes may potentially contain multiple hops

Safety Intersection warning Vehicle-based Infrastructure-based Vehicle probe Travel time estimation Environmental data collection Road surface data collection Emergency vehicle preemptive traffic control Navigation

A European Information Society for growth and employment The European Commission's strategic policy framework laying out broad policy guidelines forth information society and the media in the years up to 2010

Night vision

Advanced cruise control Use radar to maintain safe distance

CyberCars Driver-less Run at low speed (30km/hr) Can avoid obstacles Park automatically With a fee, users would have access right CyberCars2 Follow-up project Focus on V-to-V and V-to infrastructure communication

CarTalk project Focus on vehicle-to vehicle communication Information is transmitted from one car to another car Vehicles nearby form an ad-hoc network

Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC)

Started in IEEE 1609, spun into 802.11p Aka (WAVE) Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment Telematics (collision avoidance a big driver)
Roadside-to-vehicle Vehicle-to-vehicle environments 54 Mbps, <50 ms latency Possible competitor to cellular

Goal

Operates in 5.850 to 5.925GHz band Draft under ballot

Projected for March 2009

802.11p part of several standards which will jointly enable widescale telematics
Intelligent Transportation Systems

doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2045r0

S. Biswas, R. Tatchikou, F. Dion, Vehicle-to-vehicle wireless communication protocols for enhancing highway traffic safety, IEEE Comm Mag, Jan 06, pp. 74-82.

Applications

Emergency warning system for vehicles Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control Cooperative Forward Collision Warning Intersection collision avoidance Approaching emergency vehicle warning (Blue Waves) Vehicle safety inspection Transit or emergency vehicle signal priority Electronic parking payments Commercial vehicle clearance and safety inspections In-vehicle signing Rollover warning Probe data collection Highway-rail intersection warning

COLLISION IMMINENT FRONT

In-Vehicle Displays and Annunciations

COLLISION IMMINENT LEFT

Note 1: The OBU in the vehicle recognizing the threat transmits a WARNING and COLLISION PREPARATION MESSAGE with the location address of the threat vehicle.

Note 2: Only the OBU in the threatening vehicle processes the message because only it matches the threat address.

Note 3: COLLISION PREPARATION includes seat belt tightening, side air bag deployment, side bumper expansion, etc. Car NOT Stopping Radar Threat Identification Traffic Signal Traffic Signal OBUs on Control Ch

From: IEEE 802.11- 04/ 0121r0 Available: http://www.npstc.org/meetings/Cash%20WAVE%20Information%20for%205.9%20GHz%20061404.pdf

aka WiMax Wireless Metro Internet Fast last mile access to network Target Applications Data Voice Video Real time videoconferencing Fast cable/fiber to end user is expensive

The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications: Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through a variety of devices. Providing a wireless alternative to cable and digital subscriber line(DSL) for "last mile" broadband access. Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP) and IPTV services (triple play). Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan. Comparison

Comparisons and confusion between WiMAX and WiFi are frequent because both are related to wireless connectivity and Internet access. WiMAX is a long range system, covering many kilometres, that uses licensed or unlicensed spectrum to deliver connection to a network, in most cases the Internet. Wi-Fi uses unlicensed spectrum to provide access to a local network. Wi-Fi is more popular in end user devices. Wi-Fi runs on the Media Access Control's CSMA/CA protocol, which is connectionless and contention based, whereas WiMAX runs a connection-oriented MAC.

WiMAX and Wi-Fi have quite different quality of service (QoS) mechanisms:
WiMAX uses a QoS mechanism based on connections between the base station and the user device. Each connection is based on specific scheduling algorithms. Wi-Fi uses contention access - all subscriber stations that wish to pass data through a wireless access point (AP) are competing for the AP's attention on a random interrupt basis. This can cause subscriber stations distant from the AP to be repeatedly interrupted by closer stations, greatly reducing their throughput.

Both 802.11(which includes Wi-Fi) and 802.16 (which includes WiMAX) define Peer-to-Peer (P2P) and ad hoc networks, where an end user communicates to users or servers on another Local Area Network (LAN) using its access point or base station. However, 802.11 supports also direct ad hoc or peer to peer networking between end user devices without an access point while 802.16 end user devices must be in range of the base station.

Better spectral efficiency than 3G Consider multiple antennas right from the start Higher peak data rate Higher average throughput Support more symmetric links Lower cost IP architecture from bottom up

Real-world experimentation Currently no test-bed available Hard to explore scalability Classical problem with repeatability Emulation Uses real sw/hw in simulated environment to ensure
Accuracy Higher scalability, but still limited