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AERODYNAMICS IN CARS

INTRODUCTION


AERODYNAMICS : Study of forces generated by motion of air on moving body. CLASSIFACATION OF AERODYNAMICS : external and internal, subsonic , supersonic , hypersonic FIELDS OF APPLICATION : aerospace engineering, design of automobiles , ships , civil engineering , design of bridges etc.

AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON A BODY LIFT (DOWNFORCE) DRAG WEIGHT THRUST

HISTORY OF EVOLUTION OF AERODYNAMICS IN CARS




DESIGNS IN EARLY 20th CENTURY : cars with low speeds, no aerodynamic problems.

CARS IN THE EARLY 50s : cars designed for big familys , complete negligence of aerodynamics.

CARS AFTER 70s : fuel crisis , need of economic designs , evolution of aerodynamics.

WHY WE NEED TO IMPROVE AERODYNAMICS IN CARS




SPEED better aerodynamics higher will be the speeds. FUEL EFFICIENCY better aerodynamics , less work for engine.

AERODYNAMICS IN MCLAREN F1


SPECIFICATIONS FRONT END REAR END SCOOPS WINGS


Mclaren F1

AERODYNAMIC DEVICES


SPOILERS NACA DUCTS Increase rate of flow To expose air to areas not exposed to direct air flow.

  

METHODS TO EVALUATE AERODYNAMICS IN CARS

WIND TUNNELS

Research tool to study effect of air moving over a solid object. Trial and error process. Special pressure paints for analysis. Detailed analysis of air flow patterns. Analyzing for the optimal design.

SOFTWARES


DEVELOPMENTS IN CFD
 

ANSYS, CATIA,ALIAS STUDIO ANALYZE CHANGES DURING DESIGN PHASE AND DEVELOPMENT REDUCES TIME TO DEVELOP OPTIMAL DESIGN ABLE TO STUDY INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS, MORE EFFECTIVE

AERODYNAMIC IMPROVEMNTS IN THE CAR THAT WE ALREADY OWN


    

Keep your vehicle washed and waxed Remove mud flaps behind wheels Place license plate out of air flow Avoid roof-racks or carriers Close windows, close sunroof

CONCLUSION


Aerodynamics in cars is a factor in the over all performance of the car, it should never be compromised.

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FRONT END
   

FRONTAL PRESSURE PRESSURE DIFFERENCE MINIMISE FRONTAL AREA REDUCE cd

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SCOOPS
 

ENGINE COOLING INCREASESFLOW RATE OF AIR

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REAR END
  

REAR VACUM FLOW DETACHEMENT TURBULANCE

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WINGS


PRODUCE DOWNFORCE REDUCE DRAG

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COEFFICIENT OF DRAG


Drag = 1/2xd x Cd x A Xv2 Measure of aerodynamic efficiency.

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Drag Reduction System'




The Drag Reduction System (DRS) is perhaps the most interesting of the new Technical Regulations imposed on Formula 1 in 2011. Its purpose? To promote overtaking by counteracting the loss of downforce incurred when following another Formula 1 car. This is acheived by reducing the following car's aerodynamic drag by opening a driver activated flap on the rear wing of the car. The device opens an adjustable flap on the rear wing of the car (which when closed creates more downforce for greater cornering) to reduce downforce, thus giving a pursuing car more speed and a greater chance of overtaking a car in front.

Functional description


The horizontal elements of the rear wing consist of the main plane and the flap. The DRS allows the flap to lift a maximum of 50 mm from the fixed main plane. This reduces opposition (drag) to airflow against the wing and results in less downforce. In the absence of significant lateral forces (straight line), less downforce allows faster acceleration and potential top speed, unless limited by the top gear ratio and engine rev limiter.

Diffuser


A diffuser, in an automotive context, is a shaped section of the car underbody which improves the car's aerodynamic properties by enhancing the transition between the high-velocity airflow underneath the car and the much slower freestream airflow of the ambient atmosphere. It works by providing a space for the underbody airflow to decelerate and expand (in area, density remains constant at the speeds that cars travel) so that it does not cause excessive flow separation and drag, by providing a degree of "wake infill". The diffuser itself accelerates the flow in front of it, which helps generate downforce.

Operation


When a diffuser is used, the air flows into the underbody from the front and sides of the car, accelerates and reduces pressure. There is a suction peak at the transition of the flat bottom and diffuser. The diffuser then eases this high velocity air back to normal velocity and also helps fill in the area behind the car making the whole underbody a more efficient downforce producing device by reducing drag on the car and increasing downforce. The diffuser also imparts upward momentum to the air which further increases downforce.

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