EE 2802 Applied Electricity

Cost of electric power Tariffs Factors influencing the costs and tariffs Energy demand management Power factor correction

EE2802 - Applied Electricity

Cost of electricity includes all the initial and continuous operation costs All should be considered before fixing tariff for consumers Fixed costs Running / operating costs

EE2802 - Applied Electricity

FIXED COSTS

OPERATING COSTS

Interest on capital investment Allowance for depreciation Taxes and insurance Most of the salaries Small portion of the fuel cost

Most of the fuel cost Small portion of salaries Repair and maintenance

EE2802 - Applied Electricity

1.

Fixed charge

For the portion of the plant that has been allocated for the customer

2.

Variable charge / Unit charge

For the units used by the customer (per kWh)

3.

Maximum demand charge

Charge for the maximum demand (per kVA)

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Domestic purpose Religious purpose Industrial purpose Hotel purpose General purpose

EE2802 - Applied Electricity

Up to 30 units 30 ~ 60 units 60 ~ 90 units 90 ~ 120 units 120 ~ 180 units Above 180 units

Fixed Charge (Rs/month) 30.00 60.00 90.00 315.00 315.00 315.00

EE2802 - Applied Electricity

Unit Charge (Rs/kWh) 3.00 4.70 7.50 21.00 24.00 36.00

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Fixed Unit Charge Charge (Rs/month) (Rs/kWh) 240.00 10.50 Industrial I1 3000.00 Industrial I2 Peak 13.50 Off peak 7.35 Day Industrial I3 Peak Off peak Day 3000.00 13.40 7.15 10.25
EE2802 - Applied Electricity

Demand Charge (Rs/kVA/month)

850.00

10.45 750.00

1.

Demand Diversity of demand Maximum demand of various consumers not occur simultaneously This result in lower cost of electric energy

2.

EE2802 - Applied Electricity

3.

Load factor

System is designed for maximum demand Fully occupied or not, there are fixed charges Poor load factor -> charge per kWh is high To improve load factor -> accept off-peak loads at lower rates
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4.

Power Factor

Productive power consumed on resistive loads Non-productive power consumed on inductive loads Low power factor -> greater non-productive power
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Following information can be obtained Daily operating schedule Maximum load Size of generator units required etc

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GENERATION

TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION

END USE

Plant load factor improvement Clean fuel Renewable energy

Efficient transformers Transformer right sizing

Approaches to improve process efficiency Efficient appliances Tariff regulations

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Customer benefits Satisfy electricity demands Reduce costs

Societal benefits Reduce environment degradation Conserve Benefits ??? resources Protect global environment Maximize customer welfare
EE2802 - Applied Electricity

Utility benefits Lower cost of service Improve operating efficiency Reduce capital needs Improve customer service
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Improve value of service Improve lifestyle and productivity

Power factor of all AC motors & transformers is < 1 Majority of induction motors are induction motors
High p.f. at full load Low p.f. at light loads

For a 3-phase balanced system Low p.f. -> high current

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Disadvantages of low power factor

Line losses (I2R) are high Large equipments are required high capital cost Large voltage drop need extra regulation equipment Low efficiency
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How to improve? Inject a leading current into the circuit.

1.

Installation of static capacitors Capacitor may result in over correction To overcome automatic correction (control the no. of capacitors)

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How to improve? Inject a leading current into the circuit.

2.

Installation of synchronous motors Employ instead of induction motors Or use only for p.f. correction Phase Advancers Method of manipulating the phase current
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3.

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