By : GROUP : Abdul-Majeed et.

al

 Tow- phase flow in horizontal pipes

differs markedly from that in vertical pipes; except for the Beggs and Brill correlation (Beggs and Brill,1973) , which can be applied for any flow direction, completely different correlations are used for horizontal flow than for vertical flow.

 The flow regime does not affect the pressure drop as

significantly in horizontal flow as it dose in vertical flow, because there is no potential energy contribution to the pressure drop in horizontal flow.

 The flow regime is considered in some pressure drop

correlations and can affect production operations in other ways. described flow regimes in horizontal gas-liquid flow. These can be classified as three types of regimes: segregated flows, in which the two phases are for the most part separate; intermittent flows, in which gas and liquid are alternating; and distributive flows, in which one phase is dispersed in the other phase.

 Figure 10-1 (Beggs and Brill, 1973) depicts the commonly

 segregated flow is further classified as being stratified

smooth, stratified wavy (ripple flow), or annular. At higher gas rates, the interface becomes wavy, and stratified wavy flow results. Annular flow occurs at high gas rates and relatively high liquid rates and consists of an annulus of liquid coating the wall of the pipe and a central core of gas flow, with liquid droplets entrained in the gas.
 The intermittent flow regimes are slug flow and plug

(also called elongated bubble)flow. Slug flow consists of large liquid slugs alternating with high-velocity bubbles of gas that fill almost the entire pipe. In plug flow, large gas bubbles flow along the top of the pipe.  Distributive flow regimes described in the literature include bubble, mist ,and froth flow.

 Shown in fig. (10-2) The axes for this plot are

Gl / and Gl / Gg , where Gl and Gg are the mass fluxes of liquid and gas, respectively (lbm/hr-ft2) and the parameters and are

= [ ( g /0.075) ( L /62.4) ]1/2 = 73/ L [ L (62.4/ L )2 ]1/3

 Where densities are in lbm/ft3 ,
l

is in cp, and

is in dynes/cm.

 The Beggs and Brill correlation :

is based on a horizontal flow regime map that divides the domain into the three flow regime categories, segregated, intermittent and distributed. This map, shown in Fig. 10-4, plots the mixture Froude number defined as

NFr= um2 / g D
 Versus the input liquid fraction,
l.

Taitel and Dukler (1976): developed a theoretical model of the flow regime transitions in horizontal gas-liquid flow; their model can be used to generate flow regime maps for particular fluids and pipe size. Figure 10-5 shows a comparison of their flow regime prediction with those of Mandhane et al. for air-water flow in a 2.5-cm pipe.

 Using the Baker, mandhane, and Beggs and

Brill flow regime maps, determine the flow regime for the flow of qo= 2000 bbl/day of oil and qg= 1MM scf/day of gas at 800 psia and 1750F in a 2-1/2 in. I.D. pipe. The fluids are Given:  -for liquid: =49.92 lbm/ft3 ; l=2 cp ; 3 l=30 dynes/cm; ql=0.130 ft /sec.
 -for gas:

=2.61 lbm/ft3 ; g=0.0131 cp ; Z=0.935 ; qg=0.242 ft3/sec.

 -cross sectional are = ( /4)*(D/12)2

=( /4)*(2.5/12)2=0.0341 ft2
 usl= ql/A

= 0.13/0.0341 =3.812 ft/sec  usg= qg/A =0.242/0.0341=7.1 ft/sec

 go to fig.(10-3): the flow regime is predicted to

be slug flow.
 um= usl+usg= 10.9 ft/sec

 for using Baker map, we calculation: Gl, Gg, , and .  Gl= usl l= 3.81(ft/sec) * 49.92(lbm/ft3) * 3600(sec/hr)

= 6.84* 105 lbm/hr-ft2



Gg= usg

g=

7.11(ft/sec) * 2.6(lbm/ft3) * 3600(sec/hr) = 6.65* 104 lbm/hr-ft2

 

=[(2.6/0.075)(49.92/62.4)]1/2 = 5.27 =(73/30)[2(62.4/49.92)2]1/3 = 3.56

 The coordinates for the baker map are

Gg/ =(6.65*104)/5.27 = 1.26*104 Gl /Gg= (6.84*105)(5.27)(3.56)/(6.65*104)= 193

 Reading from fig. 10-2, the flow regime is predicted to

be dispersed bubble, though the conditions are very near the boundaries with slug flow and annular mist flow.

 For using Beggs and Brill, calculation NFr ,

. NFr= (10.9 ft/sec)2/(32.17ft/sec2)[(2.5/12)ft] =17.8

l

=usl/um =3.81/10.9 = 0.35

 From fig. (10-4): the flow regime is predicted

to be intermittent.

 Begs and brill correlation: The Beggs and Brill

correlation presented in applied to horizontal flow. The correlation is somewhat simplified, since the angle is 0, making the factor equal to 1. This correlation is presented in section

Ptotal= Pf+ Pel

 Eaton correlation: The Eaton correlation (Eaton et

al., 1967) was developed empirically from a series of tests in 2-in.- and 4-in.-diameter, 1700-ft-long lines. It consists primarily of correlations for liquid holdup and friction factor.

(p ( )F (x

2 fp m u m ! 2gc D

 The friction factor( f ) is obtained from the

correlation shown in Fig. 10-6 as a function of the mass flow rate of the liquid, ml, and the total mass flow rate, mm' For the constant given in this figure to compute the abscissa, mass flow rates are in Ibm/sec, diameter is in ft, and viscosity is in lbm/ftsec.

Two gas-condensate wells feed into a 4-in. gathering line 2.10 mi long. Well A will flow at the rate of 3 MMcfd, and well B will flow at the rate of 1 MMcfd. The following data are available on each well:

* Gallons per Mcf of gas The summation of the uphill rises in the line is 143 ft. The initial pressure at the wells is 900 psig. What is the pressure drop in the line?

 Gas:
8 Line diameter = = 0.6667 ft. 12  Line length = 5 5280 = 26400 ft.

= 833.3333 Mcf/hr. (10  6  4) v 1000 QGS 24  Assume an average pressure in the pipeline of 1350 psig or 1365 psia.  Assume an average temperature in the pipeline of 60 F or 520 R.  Calculate the weighted average specific gravity of the commingled gas stream: (10 v 0.60)  (6 v 0.70)  (4 v 0.80) = 0.67
!

(10  6  4) Calculate the gas viscosity. The molecular weight of the gas is: Ma = g 28.97 = 0.67 28.97 = 19.2099 From Fig.(2.10) 1 = 0.0099 cp.

SG !

Kg !

Ma M ! a M air 28.97

   

Tpc ! 170.5  307.3 K g

= 170.5 + 307.3 0.67 = 376 R. = 709.6 1.38 58.7 0.67 = 670 psia.

Ppc ! 709.6  58.7 K g

T pr ! T 520 ! Tpc 376

= 2.04  From Fig. (2.11) / 1 = 1.36  Calculate the gas viscosity at pipeline conditions: Q QG ! Q1 v ! 0.0099 v 1.36 = 0.013464 cp. Q1  From Fig. 2.4, Z = 0.755

Ppr !

P 1365 ! Ppc 670

 Calculate the gas volume at pipeline conditions:

14.7 T QGPL ! QGS v p v 520 v Z

@ QGPL 14.7 520 ! 833.3333 v v v 0.755 =6.776 Mcf/hr = 6776 ft3/hr. 1365 520

 Calculate the density of the gas at pipeline conditions:

V G ! 2.701 v S G v p T vZ

@ V G ! 2.701v 0.67 v

1365 520 v 0.755

= 6.2919 Lbm/ft3.

Liquid:
 Assume that the average composition of the

condensate is normal octane (n-C8H18).  From Table( 2-2):Tpc = 564.22 R, Ppc = 360.6 psia, = 114.232 and L = 0.65.


Ma

V L ! K L v 62.4
T pr

=0.65 62.4 = 40.56 lbm/ft3

T 520 ! ! =0.9216 T pc 564.22

Ppr

P 1365 = 3.785 ! ! Ppc 360.6

 From Fig. (7.11) 0.014  QL

! 0.014 v M a ! 0.014 v 114.232

= 0.1496 cp.

 From a plot of GPM vs. pressure (Fig. 7.17), the GPM at

1350 psig is 4 for well A , 3.125 for well B and 3.437 for well C:  QLPL = 10000 4 + 6000 3.125 + 4000 3.437 = 72498 gal/day = 403.8155 ft3/hr
1 gal/day = 0.005570023 cuf/hr

 Two-phase:
 Calculate 

QLPL 403.8155 P! ! QLPL  QGPL 403.8155  6776

VM , the mixture velocity:

, the input liquid-volume ratio:

= 0.0562

 Calculate  VM !

Q QLPL  QGPL 403.8155  6776 =20566.5996 ft3/hr ! ! T T A v D2 v 0.6667 2 = 5.7134 ft/s. 4 4

1 cuf / hr = 0.0002778 cuf / sec

 Calculate

QTP

, the mixture velocity:

QTP ! Q L v P  QG v (1  P ) !


0.1496 v 0.0562  0.013464 v (1  0.0562)

= 0.0211 cp = 0.0000142 Lbm/ft-s

 # Now, calculate the two-phase Reynolds number. This

is a trial and error calculation. Assume a value for , the liquid hold-up.  Assume : RL ! 0.03
 Calculate , the two-phase density:

VTP

V L v P2 V G v (1  P ) 2 !  1  RL RL

40.56 v 0.0562 2 6.2919 v (1  0.0562) 2 !  0.03 1  0.03

=10.0481 Lbm/ft3.

D v VM v VTP 0.6667 v 5.7134 v10.0481 ReTP ! ! 0.0000142 QTP

= 2695384.271

 From Fig. (7.15) : RL ! 0.07 This is not a close enough

check, and the calculation must be repeated with the new value of RL

V TP

V L v P2 V G v (1  P ) 2 !  RL 1  RL

40.56 v 0.0562 2 6.2919 v (1  0.0562) 2 !  0.07 1  0.07

= 7.8565 Lbm/ft3.

Re TP !

D v VM v V TP 0.6667 v 5.7134 v 7.8565 ! 0.0000142 Q TP

= 2107491.618

 From Fig.( 7.15) : 

This checks.  Calculate the single-phase friction factor:

R L ! 0.07

0.125 0.125 f o ! 0.00140  ! 0.00140  0.32 (2107491.618) 0.32 Re TP

= 0.00118

 Determine the friction factor ratio

from Fig. (7.14):

f TP / f o ! 2.516

 Calculate the two-phase friction factor: 

f TP

f TP ! fo v ! 0.00118 v 2.516 fo

= 0.00298

 Calculate the pressure drop due to friction:

2 v f TP v L v VM v V TP (p F ! 144 v g c v D 2 v 0.00298 v 26400 v (5.7134 ) 2 v 7.8565 = 13.0533 psi ! 144 v 32.2 v 0.6667

 Next, the pressure drop due to elevation changes must

be considered.  Calculate VSG , then superficial gas velocity:

QGPL 6776 =19409.8691 ft3/hr = 5.3916 ft3/s. ! T T 2 vD v 0.6667 2 4 4  From Fig. (7.16): J ! 0.37 VSG !

 Calculate the elevation pressure drop:

J v V L v H 0.37 v 40.56 v 130 (p E ! ! =13.5482 psi 144 144

 Calculate the total pressure drop:

(ptotal ! (p F  (p E  (p A ! 13.0533  13.5482  0 =26.6015 psi.

Two-Phase Flow The Drama (2).flv

THANK YOU FOR ALL

note: example two phase not found in.