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Sloan Automotive Laboratory 31-153 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139-4307 Phone: (617) 253-4529 Fax: (617) 253-9453 http://engine.mit.edu
December, 2004
I M T
Founded 1929 by Professor C.F. Taylor, with a grant from A. P. Sloan Established as a major laboratory for automotive research Extensive industrial and government funding Research areas: Internal combustion engine Fundamental combustion studies Engine/fuel interactions Engine and fuels technology assessment Objective: Contribute to future developments in automotive technology through fundamental and applied research on propulsion technology and fuels
I M T
Professor Wai K. Cheng, Associate Director Combustion, diagnostics, engine design Professor William H. Green, Jr. (Chem. Eng.) Combustion chemistry, fuels Professor John B. Heywood, Director Engine combustion, performance and emissions; engine design Professor James C. Keck (Emeritus) Combustion, thermodynamics, kinetics Dr. Tian Tian Analysis, lubrication, engine dynamics Dr. Victor W. Wong, Manager Lubrication, engine design and operating characteristics About 25 graduate students are involved in the research projects
I M T
12 Test Cells: Single cylinder Spark-Ignition engines Single cylinder HCCI engine with VVT Multi-cylinder Spark-Ignition engines Heavy Duty Multi-cylinder Diesel engine Optical-access engines with transparent cylinders for combustion and lubrication measurements Rapid compression machine
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Sloan Automotive Laboratory Facilities: Special Equipment LIF imaging systems Fluorescence-based lubricant film diagnostic High-speed digital video camera (1000 frames/s) Particulate Spectrometer Gas chromatograph Fourier transform infrared analyzer Laser Phase Doppler anemometer Fast-response FID Hydrocarbon and NOx analyzers
I M
Engine and Fuels Research Consortium (DaimlerChrysler, Delphi, Ford, GM, Saudi Aramco) Lubrication Consortium (Dana, Mahle, PSA, Renault, Volvo Truck) Homogeneous-Charge-Compression-Ignition (HCCI) Engine (DOE) Control-Auto-Ignition (CAI) Engine (Ford) Plasmatron Enabled SI Engine Concepts (Ford, Arvin Meritor) Engine starting strategies (DaimlerChrysler) Robust Retarded Combustion (Nissan) Clean Diesel Fuels (DOE) Oil Aeration Study (Ford) Heavy Duty Natural Gas Engine Friction Reduction (DOE) Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Wear Reduction (DOD) High Speed Engine Lubrication (Ferrari) Assessment of Future Powertrain, Vehicle, and Fuels Technology (V. Kann Rasmussen Foundation, Energy Choices Consortium)
I M T
Multi-sponsor, multi-year program Pre-competitive research agenda Regular meetings (every 4 months) to set program agenda and discuss research findings Periodic visits to sponsor companies for discussion with staff Direct technology transfer through exchange of personal and use of facilities and computer codes
DaimlerChrysler Corp.,Delphi Corp., Ford Motor Co., General Motors Corp., Saudi Aramco
1975 1977 1994 US 1994 TLEV 1997 TLEV 1997-2003 ULEV NOx(g/mile)
NMOG (g/mile)
1981 0.1
1981
0.1
0.01
2004 SULEV2
2004 SULEV2
0.01 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Starting year of implementation
Least square fit: Factor of 10 reduction in both HC and NOx every 15 years
2nd peak 55 mg
4 3.5 3
80C
R900 ( 40C, MAP 0.7 bar ) R300 ( 60C, MAP 0.92 bar ) R600 ( 60C, MAP 0.8 bar ) R900 ( 60C, MAP 0.7 bar ) R300 ( 80C, MAP 0.92 bar )
60C
2.5 2
R600 ( 80C, MAP 0.8 bar ) R900 ( 80C, MAP 0.7bar ) R200 ( 20C, Zetec Engine ) R200 ( 0C, Zetec Engine )
40C
1.5 1 0.5 0 0 50 100 150 200
RPM Tcoolant
20C 0C
250 300 350
1 0.9
80C
Delivery Efficiency If
60C 40C
Tcoolant
RPM
20C 0C
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
RICH
PISTON
0.5 -20 -10 0 10 20 Intake Valve Opening (CAD from TDC Exhaust) 132.9 mg 199.3 mg 265.7 mg
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 500 1000 Crank angle 1500 2000 HC Pressure In-cylinder HC value for * calculation
Injected mass:
50
40
HC Emissions (g-HC/kg-fuel)
30
Cylinder Exit [Quenching] Port Exit [FFID: 7-cm from EV Runner [FFID: 37-cm from EV Exhaust Tank 120-cm from EV
20
10
Pexhaust = 0.85
Sp = 15 BTDC
HC/HCref
1.0 0.8 Sp = 0 BTDC 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.5 P = 0.85 P = 1.0 P = 1.1 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Sp = -15BTDC
PExhaust=1.4
3.0 3.5 4.0
NO/NO inlet
Catalyst performance
(SAE 2003-01-1874)
1 CO/CO inlet 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1 HC/HC inlet 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
4K miles aged 50K miles aged 150K miles aged
7 ppm fuel S 1600 rpm 0.5 bar Pintake Space vel. - 4.4x104/hr P modulation - 2 Hz - (P= 0.025
Time-resolved NO profiles along catalyst (SAE 2003-01-1874) Aged 4k-miles; 4.4x104/hr space vel.; l modulation: 1Hz, (P= 0.03
500 250 0 500 250 0 50 25 0 50 25 0 50 25 0 50 25 0 50 25 0 0 2 4 6 8 10
NO (ppm)
50% 67%
82% 100%
Time (s)
Fuel Sulfur Effect on Oxygen Storage Capacity: Age effect and fuel S effect are separable
Normalized O2 Storage
2
1
O storage capacity (g) 2 1
Slope:
in O2 storage capacity with every 150 ppm increase in fuel S
7ppmS 33ppmS 266ppmS 500ppmS Power law: O2 storagew age- 0.84 10 100
0.6 0
100
200
300
400
500
Cn H m
Plasmatron
Air 2
H2 CO N2
Air 3
Fuel
Flow Direction
33%
32% 31% 30% 29% 28% 27% 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 Synth. Plas. gas = 10% Synth. Plas. gas = 20% Synth. Plas. gas = 30%
Indolene Only
Lambda 10000 NOx (PPM) 1000 100 10 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 Lambda 1.8 2 2.2
H2 Add = 10% Equiv H2 Add = 20% Equiv H2 Add = 30% Equiv Synth. Plas. gas = 10% Synth. Plas. gas = 20% Synth. Plas. gas = 30% Indolene Only
100
90
80
70 PRF, 0% Plas Fraction 60 15% Plas Fraction 30% Plas Fraction 50 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
Lambda
SAE 2002-01-0420
Time (s)
24 G Bmep p(b r RPM/100 e r, m a P Gear,a B e(bar),), R M h 19 g f 14 e Gear d c 4 b -1 440 a u v 450 460 470
Time (s)
480
490
500
Time (s)
Details of transition
8 7 6 5 Bmep (bar) 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 Speed (rpm) 0 500
m b
e d g h f h2 c
av t
k i l j
u s r
HCCI region
1000 q
1500
2000
2500
80 Pressure (bar) 60 40 20 0
HCCI 80 atdc-i 1st HCCI cycle 185 atdc-i 495 atdc-i SI assisted 650 atdc-i
cycles
EV lift
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
A Knocking transition
Pressure(bar) Pressure(bar) Pressure(bar)
61 62 63 64 65 66 70 60
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Pressure(bar)
50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 60
Cycle
80 Pressure (bar) 60 40 20 0 0
SI HCCI IVO 20 95 atdc-i IVC 210 10 atdc-i EVO 495 495 atdc-i EVC 700 630 atdc-i
IV lift EV lift
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
First HCCI cycle and 10 following ones 55 50 45 pressure (bar) 40 35 30 25 20 175 180 185 190 195 Crank angle (deg) 200 205 210
1st HCCI cycle 11th 8th 10th 9th 6th 4th 7th 5th 3rd 2nd
100 cycles after first HCCI cycle 55 50 45 pressure (bar) 40 35 30 25 20 160 170 180 190 200 Crank angle (deg) 210 220
1st HCCI cycle 3rd 2nd
GIMEP
6 5
IMEP(bar)
4 3 2 1 0
NIMEP
First HCCI cycle(60); early IVC
Valve timing(o atdc exhaust) Cycle IVC EVO EVC IVO 58 278 492 731 26 59 278 495 658 30 60 236 496 641 54 61 215 494 639 75 62, 219 493 644 78
56
58
60
Cycle number
62
64
66
68
70
Net Pumping
10
N im e p (b ar)
SI/HCCI/SI Transitions
Nimep (bar)
SI
HCCI
SI
HCCI
Cycle#
Start with SI mode Transition into CAI mode in cycle# 60 Transition back to SI mode in cycle# 136 Transition into CAI mode in cycle# 177
6
GIMEP
-1
50
100
200
250
300
6
GIMEP
-1
50
100
200
250
300
NIMEP(bar)
1.6 1.4 1.2 * 1 0.8 0 100 50 100 150 200 250 Fuel massx0.1
50
EVC IVC
r i+1
Rate limiter
Lookuptable
u f,i
ui
(ui
Engine
y i+1
wi ei
Z-2I
Integrator + Z-2I
r i-1
y i -1
Open-loop behavior
NIMEP (bar) 4.5 T(oC) 130 120 110 100 4 3.5 T 3 1 2.5 * 2 0 0.9 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Engine Cycle RPM 1.2 RPM 1700 1.1 1600 1500 1400 1300 NIMEP * 1.3
Closed-loop behavior
NIMEP (bar) 4.5 T(oC) 130 120 110 100 4 3.5 3 1 2.5 * 2 0 0.9 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Engine Cycle T RPM 1.2 RPM 1.1 1700 1600 1500 1400 1300 NIMEP * 1.3
Expansion stroke
20 mm 7 mm
Compression stroke
Anti-Thrust Side
Exhaust stroke
INERTIA
Compression stroke
3 mm
t=1s (10 cycles)
6 mm
Liquid oil
Scraper Ring
Top Ring
PCV
Ring Land 1
3.Q gas
Ring Land 2
B. Thirouard
Gas Flows
RING oil GROOVE area in direct asperity contact Through gaps Through groove
oil squeezing
pgas
Ring/Liner Interface Mixed Lubrication Three Lubrication Modes Outlet conditions Flow continuity
CG
Fundamental Models
FRICTION-OFT
TLOCR
TPOCR
PISTON2nd
Research highlights: Integration of modeling and the Experiments on production and single-cylinder engines
20
100 % Load
Pressure [bar]
10
0 -360
-300
-240 -180
-120
-60 0 60 CA [degrees]
120
180
240
300
360
20
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 180 CA [degrees] 360 Top Ring 2nd Ring
200
0 240
Time [s]