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COST CONTROL
Managers, quite often, are confronted with the situation where Actual Profits are different from Budgeted Profits. And, it gives rise to the need of a control system which minimizes such deviations.
Important for ensuring that the standard fixed in the beginning of the period could be achieved with least possible deviations. Need to be carried out on frequent intervals (say, weekly or daily) to spot the deviations, if any, in time. Diagnosis of such variations is needed to ascertain the possible reasons and nature of such variances in terms of controllable & uncontrollable. And, a suitable action can be initiated to bridge the gap between standard and actual so that standards can be met at the end of the budgeted period.
Variance Analysis is used as one of the most important tool for cost controls. It attempts to compare actual vs. a suitable benchmark, fixed in the beginning of the budgeted period (standard). Deviations, if any, are spotted, analyzed in terms of Favourable/ Unfavourable, controllable/ uncontrollable. And finally, for controllable variances, concerned employee/ centre is held accountable for.
STANDARD COSTING
Variance analysis requires some suitable benchmark for comparing the actual performance; Standard costing provides those suitable benchmarks for assessing the actual performance; For effective control, the standards should be set cautiously. These should neither be too tight nor too loose as they have got their own implications. If the standard itself is incorrect, measurement of variance will become a futile exercise;
VARIANCE ANALYSIS
MATERIAL VARIANCES
COST VARIANCES
LABOUR VARIANCES
OVERHEADS VARIANCES
Material Price Variance (MPV) Total Material Cost Variance (TMCV) Material Quantity Variance (MQV)
MMSV
={Actual Mix of Actual Quantity - Standard Mix of Actual Quantity}*SP Material A = 5000 (U) Material B = 14000 (U) Material C =60000 (F) Total= 41000 (F)
TMCV
={TAQ*AP-TSQ*SP}
Material A = 4000 (U) Material B= 20000 (U) Material C= 40000 (F) Total= 16000 (F)
MQV
={TAQ-TSQ}*SP
Material A =10000 (U) Material B= 20000 (U) Material C= 50000 (F) Total= 20000 (F)
MYSV
={Actual Yield for standard mix - Standard Yield of Standard Mix}*SP of finished output Material A = 5000 (U) Material B = 6000 (U) Material C =10000 (U) Total= 21000 (U)
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Idle hours should be apportioned based on Standard Mix to ensure that the deviations, if any, on account of changes in Standard Mix should get reflected in LMSV; Such deviation should not get reflected in Cost of Idle Time.
Important:
SOLUTION
Labour Rate Variance (LRV)
={AR-SR}*TAH
Unskilled= 1000 (U) Semiskilled= 200 Skilled = 520 (U) Total= 1320 (U)
={AVOR-SVOR}*TAH
Volume Variance
={Actual VolumeBudgeted Volume}* SH*SFOR
Capacity Variance
={TAH- Normal Hours}*SFOR
Volume Variance
={Actual VolumeBudgeted Volume}* SH*SFOR ={1000-1250}*2*20 = 10000 (U)
Capacity Variance
={TAH- Normal Hours}*SFOR
SALES VARIANCES
SALES VARIANCES
SALES VARIANCES
SALES VARIANCES
Actual Sales at Budgeted Prices Product A = 8000*10=80000 Product B = 16000*8 = 128000 Total Actual Sales at Budgeted Prices = 208000 Standard Mix Ratio = 5:12
Try to trace the variance by analyzing cost variances and sales variances. Prepare a reconciliation statement.
For detailed analysis go through the material provided (scanned copy) on variance analysis.