WINTER DRIVING

Adverse Weather Conditions Prevention of Cold weather Injuries Preventive Maintenance Driving Techniques

ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS

FREEZING RAIN BLACK ICE FOG SNOW

OPERATING ON SNOW AND ICE

START DRIVING IN SECOND OR THIRD GEAR RATHER THAN FIRST OR LOW, AND ACCELERATE NO MORE THAN NECESSARY TO KEEP FROM STALLING.

* AVOID QUICK ACCELERATION ON SLICK ROADS. IT WILL CAUSE YOU TO SKID.

FRESH SNOW MAY CONCEAL AN ICY ROAD SURFACE.

TC 21-305

ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS

... RAINS  DRIZZLE OR LIGHT RAINS - EXPECT: VISIBILITY RESTRICTION SLIPPERY SURFACES REDUCED TRACTION INCREASED STOPPING DISTANCES HIGH PROBABILITY OF SKIDS

4-104

 HEAVY RAINS OR DOWNPOURS - EXPECT: POOR VISIBILITY REDUCED TRACTION INCREASED STOPPING DISTANCE LOSS OF DIRECTIONAL CONTROL SLIPPERY SURFACES POOR VISIBILITY LITTLE TO NO TRACTION LITTLE TO NO BRAKING ACTION REDUCED DIRECTIONAL CONTROL HIGH POSSIBILITY OF SKIDS

 FREEZING RAINS - EXPECT:

ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS

... ICE ...  ICE IS WATER SUBSTANCE IN A SOLID FORM - EXPECT: REDUCED TRACTION INCREASED BRAKING DISTANCE POOR DIRECTIONAL CONTROL POSSIBILITY OF SKIDS

 FROST IS A COVERING OF MINUTE ICE CRYSTALS ON A COLD SURFACE - EXPECT: SLIPPERY SURFACES REDUCED TRACTION POOR VISIBILITY - WINDSHIELD INCREASED BRAKING DISTANCE REDUCED DIRECTIONAL CONTROL

 SNOW IS PRECIPITATION IN THE FORM OF SMALL ICE CRYSTALS - EXPECT:

4-105

REDUCED VISIBILITY REDUCED TRACTION REDUCED DIRECTIONAL CONTROL INCREASED BRAKING DISTANCES
TC 21-305

ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS

... ICE ...  HAIL IS PRECIPITATION IN THE FORM OF SMALL BALLS OR LUMPS CONSISTING OF CLEAR ICE OR COMPACT SNOW - EXPECT: POSSIBLE SURFACE DAMAGE TO THE VEHICLE POSSIBILITY OF BROKEN WINDOWS  SLEET IS FROZEN OR PARTLY FROZEN RAIN - EXPECT: SLIPPERY SURFACES POOR TRACTION INCREASED BRAKING DISTANCE REDUCED DIRECTIONAL CONTROL

TC 21-305

4-106

 WINDSHIELD ICING MAY OCCUR ANYTIME THE TEMPERATURE IS LOW ENOUGH AND THERE IS MOISTURE PRESENT - EXPECT REDUCED OR NO FORWARD VISIBILITY THROUGH THE WINDSHIELD  BLACK ICE IS A THIN SHEET OF ICE, DARK IN APPEARANCE - EXPECT: LITTLE TO NO TRACTION LITTLE TO NO BRAKING CAPABILITY EXTREMELY POOR DIRECTIONAL CONTROL HIGH POSSIBILITY OF SKIDS

ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS

... ICE GLAZE (CLEAR) ICE IS A DEPOSIT OF ICE FORMED BY FREEZING OF RAINDROPS ON SURFACES THAT ARE AT OR BELOW FREEZING (32 DEGREES F) - EXPECT: LITTLE TO NO TRACTION LITTLE TO NO BRAKING CAPABILITY EXTREMELY POOR DIRECTIONAL CONTROL HIGH POSSIBILITY OF SKIDS FROST HEAVING IS THE UNEVEN LIFTING AND DISTORTION OF THE GROUND CLOSE TO THE SURFACE - EXPECT UNEVEN DRIVING SURFACES

WHEN FOG ON MOUNTAIN BE ALERT AND DRIVE SLOWLY TURN LIGHTS ON

4-107

MORE...

TC 21-305

BLACK ICE
DANGEROUS BECAUSE YOU CANT SEE IT! COMMON AREAS YOU FIND IT 1. Bridges/Overpasses 2. Shaded areas

BLACK ICE
REACTION
DO NOT PANIC! MAKE NO SUDDEN CHANGES IN SPEED OR DIRECTION! EASE OFF ACCELERATOR! STEER IN DIRECTION THAT THE REAR OF THE VEHICLE IS SKIDDING!

FOG FOG
WHEN DRIVING IN FOG, USE LOW-BEAM HEADLIGHTS STOP, OFF THE ROADWAY, AND WAIT

COLD INJURY PREVENTION

TYPES OF COLD WEATHER INJURIES

Chilblains Immersion Foot Trench Foot Frost Bite Hypothermia Snow Blindness Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Dehydration Heat Exhaustion

SUSCEPTIBILITY FACTORS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Previous Cold Weather Injury Fatigue Race and Geographic Origin Nutrition: 3000 to 4000 calories Overactive or Immobile

SUSCEPTIBILITY FACTORS Cont. 6. Alcohol, Drugs, or Tobacco 7. Exposed Situation: Guard Duty, Sleeping Areas, Vehicles 8. Wind Velocity 9. Temperature of Exposure 10. Duration of Exposure

USE OF ACRONYM C.O.L.D.

a. b. c. d.

C = keep it clean O = avoid overheating L = wear it in loose layers. D = keep it dry.

CHILBLAINS

Inflammatory swelling or sore, usually below 50 degrees F with high humidity.

CHILBLAINS 1. Symptoms
Pale and colorless Upon re-warming, red in color Hot, tender, and itchy Skin may blister

CHILBLAINS 2. First Aid

Mild Case: Warm and dry gently Severe Case: Dry sterile dressing and protect from further exposure

CHILBLAIN 3. Prevention
Protect exposed areas with adequate clothing Use the Buddy System

TRENCH/IMMERSION FOOT
Results from prolonged exposure of skin to cold or wet conditions, usually at 50 degrees F or colder

TRENCH/IMMERSION FOOT 1. Symptoms

Cold toes and feet Swollen Discolored Waxy and numb Blisters may develop

TRENCH/IMMERSION FOOT 2. First Aid

Dry feet carefully Apply foot powder Clean and wrap loosely Do Not break blisters Evacuate to nearest medical facility

TRENCH/IMMERSION FOOT 3. Prevention

Keep feet dry Avoid tight boots Exercise feet and legs Wear proper clothing

FROSTBITE

Freezing of tissue or moisture in the skin due to exposure to temperatures below 32 degrees F

FROSTBITE 1. Symptoms
Loss of sensation or numb feeling Sudden blanching of the skin, followed by tingling feeling Redness of skin in light-skinned people Grayish color in dark-skinned people

FROSTBITE Symptoms cont.

Blisters may develop: 24-36 hours (superficial) 12-30 (deep) Swelling or tender areas Loss of previous sensation of pain in affected areas Pale, yellowish, waxy looking skin Frozen tissue, solid to the touch

FROSTBITE 2. First Aid

Protect injury from further cold Move casualty to warm area Warm affected area evenly with body heat Improve circulation by exercise Remove constricting clothing and jewelry Reassure the casualty

FROSTBITE First Aid cont.

Do Not rub the affected area with snow Do Not re-warm the affected area by massaging or exposing to open flame Do Not allow the casualty to walk if feet are frozen Do Not attempt to thaw seriously frozen areas

FROSTBITE 3. Prevention
Eat properly and often Wear clothing properly Avoid direct skin exposure Do Not stay inactive for long periods Use the buddy system to check exposed areas

HYPOTHERMIA
Medical term for lowered core body temperature, caused by exposure to cold. Aggravated by wet conditions.

HYPOTHERMIA 1. Symptoms
Pale skin Dizziness Drowsiness Disoriented Slurred speech Stumbling Mind dimmed

HYPOTHERMIA Symptoms cont.

Body slows down Exercise tires you quicker Casualty stops shivering Person wants to lay down and sleep Pulse is faint or undetectable Unconsciousness DEATH

HYPOTHERMIA 2. First Aid

Re-warm body evenly and without delay Keep dry and protect from elements Give food and warm liquids to produce body heat Do not massage casualty Do not give casualty alcohol

HYPOTHERMIA First Aid (Severe)

Evacuate immediately Avoid further heat loss Handle gently Stabilize temperature

HYPOTHERMIA 3. Prevention
Eat properly and often Dress in layers Drink plenty of water Stay physically fit Keep active Stay dry

SNOW BLINDNESS
Inflammation and sensitivity caused by exposure of the eyes to ultraviolet light rays reflected by the snow or ice

SNOW BLINDNESS 1. Symptoms

Feeling of grit or sand in eyes Pain in and over the eyes Watering and redness of the eyes Headache

SNOW BLINDNESS 2. First Aid

Instruct casualty not to move his/her eyes Protect eyes with bandages or sunglasses Seek medical attention

SNOW BLINDNESS 3. Prevention

Wear sunglasses Use improvised sunglasses Dont wait until discomfort begins to wear sunglasses

CARBON MONOXIDE

Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. Created by incomplete combustion.

CARBON MONOXIDE 1. Symptoms

Headache, nausea, dimmed vision, dizziness, and chest pain Symptoms may or may not give warning prior to collapse Skin turns cherry red

CARBON MONOXIDE 2. First Aid

Move casualty to fresh air Artificial respiration if necessary Keep warm and allow the casualty to rest

CARBON MONOXIDE 3. Prevention

Assure proper ventilation Dont use unvented engines or equipment

Clothing
Cold-Weather System Principles

INSULATE LAYER VENTILATE

Clothing
Extended Cold-Weather Clothing System

First Layer-Polypropylene undershirt and shorts Second Layer-Synthetic Fiber Pile shirt and polyester trouser liners Third Light jacket and over-trousers

Clothing Cont.
Fourth Layer-Windproof, waterproof parka and trousers

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
ENSURE WINTERIZATION OF ALL VEHICLES DO BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER OPERATION MAINTENANCE IAW APPLICABLE TM DO DRAIN ALL AIR TANKS AT THE END OF DAY KEEP ALL FUEL TANKS FULL TO KEEP MOISTURE FROM CONDENSING INSIDE FUEL LINES AND TANKS

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE TIRES COOLING SYSTEM LIGHTS FLUID LEVELS BATTERIES

EXHAUST HEATERS/DEFROSTERS SYSTEM PERSONAL GEAR WIPERS

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
PROPER MAINTENANCE HABITS ARE EVEN MORE CRITICAL IN COLD WEATHER. ANTIFREEZE/COOLANT SHOULD BE CHECKED AT REGULAR INTERVALS, OR , AT LEAST TWICE PER YEAR. (SPRING/FALL) ENSURE WINDSHIELD WASHER AND, IF APPLICABLE, ALCOHOL BOTTLES ARE REPLENISHED.

MORE PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

ON BRIEF HALTS DURING EXTREMELY COLD WEATHER, LET THE ENGINE RUN AT A FAST IDLE SO THAT THE AMMETER SHOWS A CHARGE.

WHY!

* BURNS FUEL BETTER * MAINTAINS EVEN ENGINE TEMPERATURE

MORE PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

WHEN PERFORMING MAINTENANCE, DO NOT TOUCH METAL WITH YOUR BARE HANDS. WHEN CLIMBING ON VEHICLES, USE EXTREME CAUTION. REMEMBER, THREE POINTS OF CONTACT.

Cold Hard Facts Adjust to Conditions Hills and Grades Following Distance Steering Skids

DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUES

COMMUNICATION MANAGE SPEED SITUATIONAL AWARENESS DRIVING SPACE

COMMUNICATION
... LET OTHERS KNOW WHERE YOU ARE USE HEADLIGHTS, BRAKE LIGHTS, AND TURN SIGNALS USE HORN POSITION YOUR VEHICLE SO IT CAN BE SEEN USE EMERGENCY SIGNALS FLARES WARNING TRIANGLES USE EMERGENCY HAZARD SIGNALS (4-WAYS)

LET OTHERS KNOW WHAT YOU PLAN TO DO SIGNAL CHANGE OF DIRECTION SIGNAL WHEN SLOWING/STOPPING

COMMUNICATION
... USING HEADLIGHTS ON RAINY, SNOWY, OR FOGGY DAYS GRAY DAYS WHEN USING WINDSHIELD WIPERS PRIOR TO DARKNESS WHEN MOVING AND LIGHTS ARE NECESSARY TO GET ATTENTION TO COMMUNICATE A HAZARD WHENEVER IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE

TC

COMMUNICATION
... USING HORN TO GIVE WARNING ONLY A LIGHT TAP IF NO IMMEDIATE DANGER WHEN: SOMEONE IS WALKING CLOSE TO ROAD OR ON A BIKE PASSING (AS A WARNING) APPROACHING INATTENTIVE DRIVER HAVING TROUBLE SEEING AHEAD USE SHARP BLAST WHEN REAL DANGER EXISTS, SUCH AS: CHILD RUNNING INTO STREET IN DANGER OF BEING HIT LOST CONTROL OF VEHICLE

COMMUNICATION
... KEEP YOUR VEHICLE WHERE IT CAN BE SEEN

AVOID DRIVING IN VEHICLE "BLIND SPOTS"

GET THROUGH BLIND SPOTS QUICKLY

COMMUNICATION
... USING EMERGENCY SIGNALS EMERGENCY STOPS OFF THE ROAD, OUT OF TRAFFIC TURN ON 4-WAYS LIFT THE HOOD & TIE WHITE CLOTH TO DOOR HANDLE IF IN TRAFFIC, STOP WHERE YOU CAN BE SEEN GIVE WARNING (FLARES AND/OR WARNING TRIANGLES) IF NO WARNING DEVICES, GIVE HAND WARNING DO NOT DO MAINTENANCE IN TRAFFIC ALSO USE 4-WAY FLASHERS WHEN: UNLOADING AT ACCIDENT SCENE DRIVING SLOW

COMMUNICATION
... SIGNAL WHEN CHANGING DIRECTION  USE TURN SIGNALS BEFORE: CHANGING LANES PASSING TURNING AT AN INTERSECTION ENTERING/LEAVING A FREEWAY PULLING AWAY FROM A CURB PULLING OVER TO THE SIDE OF THE ROAD MERGING INTO TRAFFIC APPROACHING A PARALLEL PARKING PLACE  RULES FOR SIGNALING DIRECTION CHANGES SIGNAL AS A HABIT SIGNAL EARLY SIGNAL AFTER INTERSECTION, PRIOR TO TURN ENSURE SIGNAL IS OFF AFTER TURNING

COMMUNICATION
... SIGNAL WHEN SLOWING OR STOPPING LIGHTLY TAP BRAKE PEDAL - TO FLASH BRAKE LIGHTS - TO INDICATE:

STOPPING AT A PLACE THAT IS UNEXPECTED SLOWING BECAUSE OF NO DECELERATION LANE TURNING INTO A DRIVEWAY (PRIOR TO INTERSECTION) AVOID SOMETHING IN THE ROAD AHEAD

MANAGE SPEED
WHAT IS SPEEDING? SPEEDING IS: EXCEEDING THE LEGAL OR POSTED SPEED LIMIT DRIVING TOO FAST FOR CONDITIONS

YOU SLOW DOWN

MANAGE SPEED
... CONDITIONS AFFECTING SAFE SPEED  TRACTION: MEANS TIRE'S GRIP ON THE ROAD DECREASED TRACTION = INCREASED STOPPING DISTANCE ADJUST SPEED FOR DECREASED TRACTION  VISIBILITY: STOP WITHIN SEEING DISTANCE ADJUST SPEED TO VISIBILITY CONDITIONS  TRAFFIC CONDITIONS: MAINTAIN SAFE SPACE CUSHION ADJUST SPEED TO VOLUME AND FLOW  ROAD CHARACTERISTICS SHAPE AFFECTS TRACTION AND VISIBILITY ADJUST SPEED FOR CURVES AND HILLS

MANAGE SPEED
... SPEED AND STOPPING DISTANCE PERCEPTION DISTANCE ABOUT 3/4 SECOND AT 55 MPH = 60 FEET REACTION DISTANCE ABOUT 3/4 SECOND AT 55 MPH = ADDED 60 FEET BRAKING DISTANCE AT 55 MPH - ABOUT 4 1/2 SECONDS OR ABOUT 150 FEET AT 55 MPH = TOTAL STOPPING DISTANCE AT 55 MPH = ABOUT 6 SECONDS = ABOUT 270 FEET (300 FEET = FOOTBALL FIELD)

MANAGE SPEED
... EFFECT OF SPEED ON STOPPING DISTANCE DOUBLE SPEED = FOUR TIMES STOPPING DISTANCE SLOW DOWN = REDUCED BRAKING DISTANCE SPEED AND DISTANCE AHEAD STOP WITHIN DISTANCE YOU CAN SEE CONDITIONS = SLOW DOWN AT NIGHT - LOW BEAMS = SLOW DOWN SPEED AND TRAFFIC FLOW SAFE SPEED = SPEED OF TRAFFIC SAFE FOLLOWING DISTANCE FASTER SPEEDS = CRASH OR FATIGUE SAFEST IS LEGAL SPEED OF OTHER VEHICLES

MANAGE SPEED
... MATCHING SPEED TO THE ROAD SURFACE... TRACTION = STEERING AND BRAKING TRACTION = FRICTION REDUCED TRACTION = LOWER SPEEDS: SLIPPERY ROADS = TURNING/STOPPING WET ROADS = DOUBLE STOPPING DISTANCE WET ROADS - REDUCE SPEED BY ONE THIRD PACKED SNOW - REDUCE SPEED BY HALF OR MORE ICE - STOP ASAP

MANAGE SPEED
...MATCHING SPEED TO ROAD SURFACE  SLIPPERY ROADS SHADY AREAS BRIDGES MELTING ICE BLACK ICE VEHICLE ICING RAINS HYDROPLANING

MANAGE SPEED
... SPEED AND CURVES ADJUST SPEED TAKING A CURVE TOO FAST = WHEELS LOSE TRACTION - STRAIGHT AHEAD WHEELS KEEP TRACTION - ROLL OVER SLOW DOWN BEFORE CURVE BRAKING = SKID EXIT RAMPS ARE CURVED SLOW TO RIGHT SPEED BE READY TO STOP AT BOTTOM OF EXIT

FOLLOWING DISTANCE THREE TO ELEVEN TIMES MORE DISTANCE IS REQUIRED TO STOP A VEHICLE ON PAVEMENT COVERED WITH ICE OR SNOW.

100 IDEAL ROAD CONDITIONS

10 0

5OO METERS

POOR ROAD CONDITION

4 SECONDS

37
66-10
AM GENERAL

37
T T T T T

37 37

6 SECONDS
66-10
AM GENERAL

37
T

37
T T T T

37 37

HILLS AND GRADES

When approaching a hill or upgrade / downgrade remember to do the following: 1. Select the proper gear before approaching, usually a lower gear. 2. Use the same gear going down that you used going up. This will allow the engine to act as a brake, so you will not have to use your brake excessively. * On steep or very slippery grades, use at least one gear lower, and go slower *

SKIDS Result from unexpected forces:

1. Black Ice 2. Driving to fast for conditions 3. Sudden steering corrections or braking 4. Sudden accelerations
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SKIDS CONTINUED
If your vehicle begins to skids, take the following actions: 1. Front end skids - Release the brake and let the front wheels roll freely to regain traction and steering control. 2. Rear end skids - Take foot off of accelerator and turn wheels in the direction that the rear of the vehicle is skidding, and pump brakes lightly.

15 DEG.

VEHICLE JACKKNIFE PREVENTION

Brake before the turn, not in the turn accelerate smoothly and slowly. Decelerate slowly, and ease up on the brakes. Make smooth gear shifts and clutch engagements. Steer in the opposite direction the trailer is skidding, while pumping the brakes lightly.

15 DEG.

VEHICLE JACKKNIFE
A JACKKNIFE OCCURS WHEN THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE TRACTOR AND TRAILER GETS TO A POINT WHERE IT CANTT BE STRAIGHTENED OUT BY THE DRIVER.

RISK ASSESSMENT

EXPERIENCE
LIVING ENVIRONMENT YEARS AND MILES DRIVEN SITUATIONS
OH DARN! I SHOULD HAVE DONE A RISK ASSESSMENT !

ROAD CONDITIONS
RED AMBER GREEN

WINTER BAG
Minimum Requirements

1. Wet Weather Gear 2. Over Shoes

3. Blanket 4. Wet Weather Bag 5.Field/Gortex Jacket

6. Gloves with Inserts

CHAINS
CHAINS GIVE A GOOD BITE IN SNOW OR MUD BUT TEND TO SLIDE AND SLIP ON ICE AND PACKED SNOW.
He should have

oh no!

went to the chain class!

CHAINS
Before execution of the mission, the following checks should be made: 1. Ensure vehicle is equipped with snow chains. 2. Snow chains are serviceable, and in good condition. 3. Leadership will ensure the driver has a working knowledge of how to properly apply snow chains

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
ENSURE MILITARY AND PRIVATELY OWENED VEHICLES HAVE BEEN PREPARED FOR THE WINTER MONTHS AHEAD BATTERIES ANTIFREEZE CRACKED WINDSHIELDS EXHAUST SYSTEM HEATER / DEFROSTER

Windows cleared 360 Adjust speed for road conditions Bridges freeze before roadways Proper tires all weather / mud & snow Know your abilities

WINTER DRIVING HAZARDS

Ice, frost, and snow on bridges and overpasses Poorly marked state and county highways Drifting snow Poor visibility Carbon monoxide Poor traction High water at river crossings Slippery roads caused by wet leaves

VEHICLE OCCUPANT SAFETY

Seat belts properly worn by all passengers. Use of approved child safety seats. Infants not seated in front seats of vehicles with Passenger air bags.

POV WINTER DRIVING CHECKLIST

Winterize your car, and always check your equipment Ice Scraper Exhaust system tight Antifreeze Check all fluid levels Battery charged Map Wiper blades serviceable and clean Lights operational and clean Properly inflated tires, with sufficient tread Heater/defroster working properly Brakes checked for wear Windshield and mirrors clean and serviceable

WINTER SURVIVAL KIT

Flashlight Non perishable Food Shovel Blanket Warm Clothes Water

Bag of Kitty litter/sand Tow rope Tire Chains Jumper Cables

SUMMARY
Cold weather greatly affects the operating performance of your equipment. Winter weather presents unique hazards, i.e.. snow, slush, ice, black ice, etc... Drivers must continually train and gain experience for safe winter driving. SLOW DOWN! INCREASE INTERVALS!