http://www.nearingzero.net (nz134.

jpg)

Announcements
Important notes on grades spreadsheets: Your scores for the end material test have been set to 8 (your free points) so that the spreadsheet can correctly discard low scores. You can enter projected scores into the spreadsheet to see how many points you need for the next higher grade (or to see if your grade is already certain). Zeroes for boardwork can still lower your total points. Important: sample. You have already received your 8 free end material points. Do not take the test if that is all you need!
Course grade cutoffs will not be lowered under any circumstances.

Announcements
PLC PLC will run Monday afternoon and evening as usual. Wednesday PLC status will be announced in Wednesday s lecture. If there is PLC, most likely... Faculty will check PLC periodically Wednesday afternoon and provide help to any students who show up. Wednesday evening PLC will be cancelled unless I get e-mails from students saying they will attend.
I don't know half of you half as well as I should like, and I like less than half of you half as well as you deserve. Bilbo Baggins

Announcements
Fill out electronic course evaluations Use the following link to complete the evaluation(s): https://itweb.mst.edu/auth-cgibin/cgiwrap/distanceed/evals/survey.pl The link will be available from Sunday, November 28, through Sunday, December 11 2011. For feedback or problems with the link, please contact Dr. Scott Miller at smiller@mst.edu

Announcements

If anything about your grade needs fixed, fix it now (next week is too late)! See your recitation instructor! (Not me!)

Don t forget to put your used Physics 24 textbook to good use!

Final Exam is 1:30 pm, Tuesday December 13. No one admitted after 1:45 pm!

y Physics 24 Final Room Assignments, Fall 2011: Instructor Dr. Hagen Dr. Hale Dr. Hor Dr. Parris Dr. Peacher Dr. Schmitt Special Needs
Know the exam time! Find your room ahead of time! If at 1:30 on test day you are lost, go to 104 Physics and check the exam room schedule, then go to the appropriate room and take the exam there.

Sections K, L E, G J, M B, H D, F A, C

Room G31 Electrical Engineering 104 Physics (same as exams) St. Pat s Ballroom C 125 Butler-Carlton (same) 204 McNutt G-3 Schrenk Testing Center

Today s agenda: no purple boxes. No purple boxes!

You ve seen your last purple box agenda!

Final Exam

Final Final Exam

http://www.nearingzero.net (nz386.jpg)

Two lectures ago I showed you these two plots of the intensity distribution in the double-slit experiment:

Peak intensity varies with angle.

Peak intensity independent of angle.

Which is correct?

Diffraction
Light is an electromagnetic wave, and like all waves, bends around obstacles. P

P<<d

P}d

P>>d

This bending, which is most noticeable when the dimension of the obstacle is close to the wavelength of the light, is called diffraction. Only waves diffract.

Diffraction pattern from a penny positioned halfway between a light source and a screen. The shadow of the penny is the circular dark spot. Notice the circular bright and dark fringes. The central bright spot is not a defect in the picture. It is a result of light bending around the edges of the penny and interfering constructively in the exact center of the shadow.
Good diffraction applets at http://ngsir.netfirms.com/englishhtm/Diffraction.htm http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/diffraction/basicdiffraction/ http://www.physics.uq.edu.au/people/mcintyre/applets/grating/grating.html

Single Slit Diffraction In the previous chapter we calculated the interference pattern from a pair of slits. One of the assumptions in the calculation was that the slit width was very small compared with the wavelength of the light. Now we consider the effect of finite slit width. We start with a single slit. Each part of the slit acts as a source of light rays, and these different light rays interfere. Fall 2011 skip to slide 18.
\ [ Z Y X

Divide the slit in half. Ray X travels farther* than ray Z by (a/2)sinU. Likewise for rays Y and [.
a/2 a a/2
a sin U 2

\ [ Z Y X

If this path difference is exactly half a wavelength (corresponding to a phase difference of 180) then the two waves will cancel each other and destructive interference results. Destructive interference: a P sinU = 2 2

*All rays from the slit are converging at a point P very far to the right and out of the picture.

Destructive interference: a P sinU = 2 2 a sinU = P P sinU = a

a/2 a a/2
a sin U 2

\ [ Z Y X

If you divide the slit into 4 equal parts, destructive 2P interference occurs when sinU = . a If you divide the slit into 6 equal parts, destructive 3P interference occurs when sinU = . a

a/2 a a/2
a sin U 2

\ [ Z Y X

In general, destructive interference occurs when a sinU = mP, m =1, 2, 3, ... The above equation gives the positions of the dark fringes. The bright fringes are approximately halfway in between.

a sinU = mP

http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/singleslit.htm

Use this geometry for tomorrow s single-slit homework problems.

a U O

If U is small,* then it is valid to use the approximation sin U } U. (U must be expressed in radians.)
x

*The approximation is quite good for angles of 10r or less, and not bad for even larger angles.

Single Slit Diffraction Intensity Your text gives the intensity distribution for the single slit. The general features of that distribution are shown below.

Most of the intensity is in the central maximum. It is twice the width of the other (secondary) maxima.

New starting equations for single-slit intensity: 2T F= a sinU P sin F /2 I = I0 F/2 Toy
2

Example: 633 nm laser light is passed through a narrow slit and a diffraction pattern is observed on a screen 6.0 m away. The distance on the screen between the centers of the first minima outside the central bright fringe is 32 mm. What is the slit width? y1 = (32 mm)/2 tanU = y1/L tanU } sinU } U for small U P P P LP sinU = a = } ! a sinU y1 /L y1

a=

6.0 m 633 v10-9 m

16 v10-3 m  a = 2.37 v 10-4 m

Quiz time (for points)

Seasons Greetings from a couple of old friends.

Resolution of Single Slit (and Circular Aperture) The ability of optical systems to distinguish closely spaced objects is limited because of the wave nature of light. Fall 2011 skip to slide 29.

If the sources are far enough apart so that their central maxima do not overlap, their images can be distinguished and they are said to be resolved.

When the central maximum of one image falls on the first minimum of the other image the images are said to be just resolved. This limiting condition of resolution is called Rayleigh s criterion.

From Rayleigh s criterion we can determine the minimum angular separation of the sources at the slit for which the P images are resolved. These come from a = For a slit of width a: U = P a

sinU the small angle approximation, and geometry.

1.22 P For a circular aperture of diameter D: U = D Resolution is wavelength limited!

If a single slit diffracts, what about a double slit? Remember the double-slit interference pattern from the chapter on interference? I = Imax T d sinU cos P
2

If the slit width (not the spacing between slits) is small (i.e., comparable to the wavelength of the light), you must account for diffraction.
interference only

Double Slit Diffraction

r1 S1 a r2 U P d S2 y

Diffraction Gratings A diffraction grating consists of a large number of equally spaced parallel slits. The path difference between rays from any two adjacent slits is H = dsin U.
U

H = d sin U

If H is equal to some integer multiple of the wavelength then waves from all slits will arrive in phase at a point on a distant screen.

Interference maxima occur for d sinU = mP, m =1, 2, 3, ...

Ok what s with this equation monkey business?

d sinU = mP, m =1, 2, 3, ...

double-slit interference constructive

a sinU = mP, m =1, 2, 3, ...

single-slit diffraction destructive!

d sinU = mP, m =1, 2, 3, ...

diffraction grating constructive

Diffraction Grating Intensity Distribution Interference Maxima: d sinU = mP

H = d sin U

The intensity maxima are brighter and sharper than for the two slit case.

Application: spectroscopy

visible light

hydrogen

helium

mercury

You can view the atomic spectra for each of the elements here.

Example: the wavelengths of visible light are from approximately 400 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red). Find the angular width of the first-order visible spectrum produced by a plane grating with 600 slits per millimeter when white light falls normally on the grating. Interference Maxima: d sinU = mP 1 d= =1.67 v10-6 m 600 slits/mm PV sin UV = m = d U V =13.9r

First-order violet:

1 400 v10-9 m
1.67 v 10 m
-6

= 0.240

First-order red:

PR sin UR = m = d UR = 24.8r

1 700 v10-9 m
1.67 v10 m
-6

= 0.419

(U ! UR  UV = 24.8r -13.9r =10.9r

10.9r

visible light

Example: for this diffraction grating show that the violet end of the third-order spectrum overlaps the red end of the secondorder spectrum. 3 400 v 10-9 m 1.20 v 10-6 m PV  Third-order violet: sin UV = m = = d d d PV Second-order red: sin UR = m = d

2 700 v10-9 m
d

1.40 v 10-6 m = d

sin UR2 > sin UV3 No matter what the grating spacing, d, the largest angle for the 2nd order spectrum (for the red end) is always greater than the smallest angle for the 3rd order spectrum (for the violet end), so 2nd and 3rd orders always overlap.

Diffraction Grating Resolving Power Diffraction gratings let us measure wavelengths by separating the diffraction maxima associated with different wavelengths. In order to distinguish two nearly equal wavelengths the diffraction must have sufficient resolving power, R.
mercury

Consider two wavelengths

and

that are nearly equal.

P1 + P2 The average wavelength is P avg = and the difference is 2 (P = P 2 - P1 . The resolving power is defined as R = P avg (P .
definition of resolving power

R=

P avg (P

For a grating with N lines illuminated it can be shown that the resolving power in the mth order diffraction is R = Nm. Dispersion Spectroscopic instruments need to resolve spectral lines of nearly the same wavelength.
mercury
resolving power needed to resolve mth order

(U angular dispersion = (P

The greater the angular dispersion, the better a spectrometer is at resolving nearby lines.

Example: Light from mercury vapor lamps contain several wavelengths in the visible region of the spectrum including two yellow lines at 577 and 579 nm. What must be the resolving power of a grating to distinguish these two lines?
mercury

577 nm + 579 nm = 578 nm P avg = 2 (P = 579 nm - 577 nm = 2 nm 578 nm R= = = 289 (P 2 nm P avg

Example: how many lines of the grating must be illuminated if these two wavelengths are to be resolved in the first-order spectrum?

mercury

R = 289 R 289 R = Nm N = = = 289 m 1

LEAD Tutors/Peer Instructors Needed!

You can tutor or be a PLC peer instructor if you have at least a 3.6 GPA and get an A in the course you want to tutor.

Contact me or go to http://lead.mst.edu/ to fill out the application form.

It looks good on your resume, pays well, and is fun!