M.

Saad Ilyas MSEE-011

 Near-Far

Problem Multipath Fading Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) Soft Handoff

Self

Jamming

 The

receiver must be able to receive all the required signals within the same channel bandwidth and it must be able to decode them For the receiver to be able to decode all the signals in the channel, they should ideally all be at the same signal strength

Users may be received with very different powers: Users near the base station are received with high power Users far from the base station are received with low power

Solution: ower ontrol



This ensures that all the signals within the coverage of the base station arrive with same power at the receiver Drawbacks Reduced data capacity: The power control mechanism requires data to be sent in both directions across the radio interface. This utilizes data capacity that could be otherwise used for carrying revenue earning data

 High

power handset power consumption at cell edges: In order to be able to maintain the required signal level at the base station when the handset is close to the edge of the cell, it will be required to transmit at a high power level. This will reduce battery life. Other cellular systems might not require such high signal levels at the base station and may be able to conserve battery power as a result.

RF transmission is degraded by multipath  Multipath propagation occurs when there are radio reflective surfaces in the environment(cliffs, buildings, earth surface)  At the Rx antenna the total signal is the sum of


Direct rays  Rays delayed due to several reflections and a



zigzag path  Multipath can cause both fading and inter-symbol interference (ISI)
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Direct and delayed rays are out of phase at some locations

 Rake

receiver is a radio receiver designed to counter the effects of multipath fading. does this by using several "sub-receivers" called fingers, that is, several correlators each assigned to a different multipath fading

It

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finger independently decodes a single multipath component; at a later stage the contribution of all fingers are combined in order to make the most use of the different transmission characteristics of each transmission path This could very well result in higher signalto-noise ratio (or Eb/N0) in a multipath environment
Each

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When the multipath delay spread is greater than about 20% of the digital symbol duration, ISI can be a problem.

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Receivers are equipped with an adaptive equalizer

Adaptive equalizer produces delayed copy/ies of the received signal waveform and use(s) these copy/ies to cancel the physically delayed radio signals  This equalizer examines the effect of multipath delay on the known training sequence, and then uses this information to undo that effect on the other bits in the cell using the internally delayed replicas of the signal

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cost and complexity of base station (particularly due to soft handoff ) Soft handoff procedure, a mobile makes a connection to two or more base stations before choosing the one with which to communicate It is thus an example of a make before break operation
Higher

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 This

is more complex than hard handoff used in FDMA and TDMA schemes

Self Jamming
Arises

when the spreading codes used for different users are not exactly orthogonal

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