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Discussion Questions
y In cloudy areas, what limitations might the AVN/MRF have? y The NGM model does not include clouds either. How might this affect MOS guidance in cloudy areas?
Clouds in the Eta model consist of liquid droplets or ice particles (depending on temperature of cloud and cloud top)
Discussion Questions
y Name two reasons for having different condensation thresholds over water and land. y What may happen to precipitation forecasts at land/water interfaces as a result of the two different RH condensation thresholds?
NOGAPS 3 Continued
y Changes excess water vapor in a grid box to liquid and releases latent heat y Precipitation falls to the next layer where evaporation can raise the RH to 100% y Repeat process downward to the bottom model layer where no evaporation is allowed y Liquid reaching the bottom is the large-scale precipitation forecast (if the temperature is below freezing, it is assumed to be snow)
The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Global Model
y Uses a fully prognostic and model consistent cloud scheme that considers clouds and precipitation formation as the result of Large-scale ascent Diabatic cooling Boundary layer turbulence Horizontal transport of cloud water from convective updrafts