10th Grade Regents Review

Mrs. Meaney Global 10

The Enlightenment
Thinker
1. John Locke,

Country
England,

Major Ideas/Accomplishment
Natural Rights: Life, Liberty and Property. (Ideas used in the Declaration of Independence)

2. Thomas Hobbes, England,

Social Contract: Supported Absolutism, People are selfish, evil and need to be controlled.

3. Rousseau,

France,

People are born good but are corrupted by society.

4. Montesquieu,

France,

Government should be separated into branches.

5. Voltaire,

France,

Free Speech, Religious toleration

The French Revolution

Causes of the Revolution: Absolutism, social inequality, unfair taxation, Enlightenment, British and American Revolutions. 2. The Estate General was a body made up of representatives from all 3 estates. 3. The 1st Estate: Church officials The 2nd Estate: Nobles The 3rd Estate: Peasants (98% of population) 4. The Declaration of the Rights of Man is a document based on the Declaration of Independence giving rights based on Enlightenment ideas. 1.

5. The Reign of Terror was led by Robespierre a radical revolutionary. Many people were executed using the guillotine. 6. Napoleon Bonaparte took control of the government in 1799 by a coup d-etat, or revolt by military leaders to overthrow a government. 7. Napoleons achievements: Napoleonic Code, National Bank. 8. Why did Napoleons empire crumble: Oppressive (cruel), nationalism, Russias scorched earth policy (Russia destroyed anything that may be useful to the enemy). 9. Effects of the Revolution: Nationalism, democracy spread.

Congress of Vienna
1. There were a series of meetings after the death of Napoleon to restore the balance of power to Europe by creating a sense of peace and stability. 2. Metternich was the dominant political figure at the meetings.

Latin American Independence Movements

Leader
Simon Bolivar

Country

Accomplishments

Venezuela, The Liberator, military leader, inspired by the Enlightenment and helped gain Chile, independence for 7 countries. Colombia, Argentina, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia Haiti Self educated, former slave led a revolt against French in late 1700s.

Toussaint LOuverture

Jose de San Argentina and Joined forces with Bolivar in 1810s to Chile help obtain independence from Spain. Martin Porfirio Diaz
Mexico Dictator late 1800s and early 1900s, brutally fought opposition, left people uneducated, poor and landless.

1. The Latin American independence movements were influenced by the French and American Revolutions.

Nationalism
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Nationalism is loyalty to your nation, religion, heritage, etc. The Revolutions of 1848 were nationalist movements that occurred in France, Austrian Empire, Italy and Germany. In India the Indian National Congress was a mainly Hindu organization formed to help encourage modernization and democracy for India. The Muslim League was formed in 1906 to further Muslim interests in India. The Young Turks were a group of liberals in Turkey who wanted to strengthen the Ottoman Empire and end the threat of Western imperialism. The Armenian Massacre was 25 year genocide. Muslim Turks turned against Christian Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. 1 Million Christians were killed. Pan-Slavism is a nationalistic movement based on the idea that all slavic people shared a common heritage. Zionism: A. Pogroms are violent attacks on the Jewish community. B. Zionism is the movement devoted to building a Jewish state in Palestine.

Unification Movements
1. Italy:
- Giuseppe Garibaldi: Formed nationalist group Red Shirts. Won control of Southern Italy and helped to unite the North. - Giuseppe Mazzini: Formed Young Italy (nationalist movement) in 1831. Exiled for beliefs. - Camilo di Cavour: Prime Minister of Sardinia. Drove Austria from Italy.

2. Germany: A. Wilhelm I. Appointed Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister of Prussia. B. Later, Wilhelm took the title Kaiser which means German Emperor. C. Bismarck has two important policies: realpolitik and blood and iron.

Industrial Revolution
1. The movement away from rural life began with the Agrarian Revolution a change in methods of farming. Causes: Natural Resources, population growth, capital for investment. The factory system is a means of mass producing manufactured items. This leads to cheaper prices and increased population. Interchangeable parts: materials that can be swapped for machinery to meet specific needs. Interdependence means: countries relying upon each other.

2. 3.

4.

5.

6. Capitalism: economic system in which production is privately owned. A. Laissez Faire means: businesses operating without government interference. 7. Marxism: economic system where production is owned by the people. A. The Communist Manifesto: book by Marx and Engels. B. Proletariat means: lower class poor. C. Bourgeoisie means: upper class 8. Social Darwinism is: the application of Darwins ideas to society (survival of the fittest). 9. Socialism: an ideology that focuses on society rather than the individual. 10. Effects: global migration, global economy, pollution, population increases.

Meiji Restoration of Japan

1. In the 1600s the Tokugawa shoguns gained control of Japan and brought stability to the nation. 2. The US naval commander Commodore Matthew Perry sailed to Japan to ask them to open their ports for trade. 3. The Treaty of Kangawa was signed and the Japanese agreed to open 2 ports for American ships. 4. The period from 1868 to 1912 is known as the Meiji Restoration. It was a time period of rapid modernization of Japan. 5. Japan fought and won two wars during this time in an attempt to expand their power and gain more land. These wars are the RussoJapanese War and Sino-Japanese War.

Imperialism
1.Imperialism: When one country takes over another for economic benefit. 2. Causes: Ethnocentrism, military power, raw materials and White Mans Burden. 3. The White Mans Burden was a poem by Rudyard Kipling that offered a justification for imperialism. 4. Skip the chart for now. 5. Effects: Cultural diffusion, competition, Western domination of the world.

Country

Imperial Power
Great Britain

Important Concepts
Sepoy Mutiny: Indian attempt to defeat the British (Sepoys are Indians who were trained by the British as soldiers)

India

China South Africa African Continent

Great Britain, US, Spheres of influence, Opium War Japan, France, (English drug-trafficking), Taiping Germany, Russia Rebellion (lasted 20 years, 20 million people died), Boxer Rebellion Great Britain, Netherlands Great Britain, France, Germany, Netherlands, Italy, Belgium, Spain Boer War (British vs. the Dutch Boers. British won) Scramble for Africa (European countries (scrambled to claim territory in Africa), Berlin Conference (regulated European colonization and trade in Africa, native Africans had no say)

World War I.
1. Causes: MANIA Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism and Assassination (of Arch Duke Ferdinand). The original members of the Triple Alliance are Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. The original members of the Triple Entente France, Russia and Great Britain. What are the Balkans? the Powder Keg of Europe tense region in Eastern Europe. The Eastern Front was along the German/Russian border. The Western Front was in Northwestern France (Trench Warfare). Propaganda is the spreading of ideas to promote or damage a cause.

2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

8. Why did the US enter WWI? Unrestricted submarine warfare, sinking of the Lusitania. 9. Why did Russia withdraw from WWI? Internal problems (civil war). 10. The Treaty of Versailles listed the provisions that ended WWI. 11. The Treaty created the League of Nations. (task was to ensure that a war never broke out again) 12. Effects: Germans blamed for the war, league of nations, empires collapsed.

Russian Revolution
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Causes: Czarist rule, unhappiness of peasants, unhappiness of workers, diversity and nationalism. The March Revolution was a 1917 peasant revolt leading to the Czar abdicating (stepping down from) the throne. A Soviet is a council of workers and soldiers in the USSR. The Bolshevik Party was a revolutionary socialist party. The leader of the Bolsehvik Party was V.I. Lenin. The New Economic Policy was Lenins economic policy that allowed some privately owned businesses.

7. Joseph Stalin took control of the USSR after Lenins death. 8. Totalitarianism is one party dictatorship that regulates all aspects of life. 9. Stalin launched 2 five year plans to help boost the Soviet economy. 10. A command economy is a government that makes all economic decisions. 11. Collective farms are state owned farms operated by peasants.

Time Between the Wars

Turkish Nationalism: A. Kemal Atturk led a movement for westernization and modernization of Turkey. 2. Indian Nationalism: A. The Amritsar Massacre was a 1919 event in which British soldiers killed 400 Indians and wounded 1200 more. B. Mohandas Gandhi was an Indian nationalist leader who used civil disobedience to help inspire and unite the Indian people successfully. 3. Womens Suffrage Movement A. In the mid 1800s women in western democracies began to demand greater rights, including suffrage (the right to vote). B. Countries in which the movement was successful were US, Canada, Finland, Germany and Sweden. 1.

4. Causes of the Great Depression: weakness in economics, less demand for raw materials, stock market crash, overproduction of goods. Effects: Loss of faith in democracy, communism strengthened, unemployment rose. 5. Fascism: Rule of people by nationalist, imperialist, dictatorship government.

Leader

Ended civil rights, oneparty government, rebuilt military, restricted lives of Jews Benito Italy, Fascist Force and Terror, ended Mussolini free elections, speech, and press Francisco Spain, Fascist Authoritarian leader, won Franco Spanish Civil War Emperor Hirohito Japan Militaristic, Imperialistic

Adolf Hitler

Country & Political Party Germany, Nazi Party

Policies

World War II
1. Causes: Appeasement, German Aggression, Japan invades China, Italy attacks Ethiopia. 2. Appeasement: policy in which nations gave into aggressive demands to maintain peace. 3. Skip Chart 4. The war in Europe ended on May 7, 1945 with the surrender of the Germans. 5. The war ended in the Pacific with the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the US in August 1945.

6. The Holocaust is an example of genocide that Hitler forced against the Jews. He set up concentration camps, detention centers where Jews were starved, shot or gassed to death. 7. Effects: 75 million people killed, economic losses, Nuremberg trials, occupied nations, formation of the UN.

Entry of US into WWII

US was attacked at Pearl Harbor and was forced to declare war on Japan. US entry gave the allies added strength. (Allies: British, US, France Axis: Germany, Italy and Japan)

Battle of Stalingrad
Germans invaded USSR in 1941. Freezing Russian winter forced a Nazi defeat.

El Alamein
British forces stopped German advances in Africa and eventually trapped them.

Invasion of Italy
British and Americans invade Italy Hitler was forced to send troops to Italy.

Invasion of Normandy
June 6, 1944 Allied forces broke through German defenses to advance toward Paris and freed France from German control.

The Cold War

1. Satellite nations are countries surrounding the USSR (communist). 2. Winston Churchill gave a speech about an imaginary line dividing Eastern and Western Europe called the iron curtain. 3. During the Cold War, Eastern Europe was mainly communist and Western Europe was mainly democratic. 4. The two superpowers during the Cold War were USSR and US. 5. The Truman Doctrine was a policy that gave military and financial support to countries resisting USSR. 6. The Marshall Plan gave money to countries resisting communism.

7. The Theory of Containment hoped to limit the spread of communism to areas already under Soviet control. 8. Germany was divided into two major parts: East Germany and West Germany. The capital city of Berlin was also divided into East and West. 9. Stalin blockades West Berlin forcing the US and Great Britain to begin the Berlin Airlift to bring supplies and food to the people.

10. NATO is North Atlantic Treaty Organization (anticommunist military alliance) 11. The Warsaw Pact is alliance of USSR and its allies. 12. An arms race is a competition to obtain the most and best weapons. 13. Sputnik I. Was the first satellite launched into space by the USSR. 14. A nonaligned nation is a nation that did not choose a side during the Cold War.

Cold War Conflicts

A. Korean War: After WWII, Korea was divided into the Communist North and Democratic South. The North invaded the South in 1950. The United Nations helped prevent the takeover of the South and today Korea is still divided. Vietnam War: In 1954, Vietnam was temporarily divided into the Communist North and nonCommunist South. The US gave military support to the South and yet the North was victorious and united the country under Communism.

B.

C. Cuban Missile Crisis: The USSR placed missiles aimed at the US in Cuba heightening tensions. President Kennedy agreed not to attack Cuba and Premier Kruschev asked Castro to take the missiles down. D. The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. They attempted to overthrow a Muslim government. The Soviets were forced to withdraw.

16. The SALT I treaty was signed by Nixon and Brezhnev and both countries agreed to limit missile production. 17. Carter and Brezhnev signed the SALT II treaty but it was not ratified by the US Congress. 18. Dtente is the relaxing of Cold War tensions.

Communist China
1. Today there are two Chinas. The Peoples Republic of China located on the mainland and Taiwan known as the Republic of China. 2. Mao Zedong emerged as the communist leader in the 1930s. 3. Mao fled from the nationalist (Guomindang) forces led by Chaing Kai-Shek on a 6,000 mile retreat known as the Long March. 4. He organized the Great Leap Forward to increase agricultural output through the creation of communes.

5. In 1966, Mao launched the cultural revolution to renew loyalty to communism. This movement was supported by a student formed group called the Red Guards. 6. When Mao died, Deng Xiaoping took over and attempted to modernize China by implementing the Four modernizations. 7. In May 1989, political protestors demanding more rights were killed during the Tiananmen Square Massacre. 8. In 1997, Great Britain handed control of Hong Kong back to the Chinese.

Collapse of Imperialism
1. India: A. India earned their independence from Great Britain in 1947 under the guidance of Mohandas Gandhi. The first Prime Minister was Jawaharlal Nehru. B. India is partitioned (divided) into two countries: Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. C. After Nehrus death, Sikh extremists assassinated two following Prime Ministers Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi. D. Sikhism is a religion that blends Hinduism and Islam. E. The Caste System underwent major changes, yet today it is still a part of Indian society. F. During the Cold War, India followed a policy of nonalignment

2. Africa: Country Leaders What hardships did they face? How did they earn their independence? Ghana Kenya
Kwame Nkrumah Jomo Kenyatta Pan Africanism, boycotted British, Granted independence in 1957. Wanted land that had been taken from them some violent uprisings by kikuyu led to jail time for Kenyatta, later he is freed and becomes 1st Prime Minister. French colony- Muslim nationalist movement led to war. Algeria gained independence in 1962. Apartheid legal segregation of races, 1994 Apartheid was over 1st election where everyone could vote, Mandela is elected.

N/A

Algeria S. Africa
Nelson Mandela & FW de Klerk

3. Cambodia: A. The Khmer Rouge, a group of Communist guerillas, who gained control of the government in 1969. B. Under the leadership of Pol Pot, Cambodia underwent a purge of western influence by way of genocide. More than 1 million people were killed.

4. Myanmar: A. Myanmar was formally known as Burma. After gaining independence, a repressive military government took control. B. Aung San Suu Kyi won an electoral victory in 1990 but was placed under house arrest until 1995. She still fights for democracy.

Conflict and change in the Middle East

1. Islamic Fundamentalism is an application of basic concepts of Islam to government.
Leaders Yasir Arafit (PLO), Rabin (Israel) (see Israel) N/A Conflicts/Problems Palestinian (Arabs) and Israeli (Jews) lay claims to the same land, Israel remains divided. (see Israel) Civil War between Christians and Muslims (1975) Syria and Israel got involved too. Iranian Revolution saw an Islamic Fundamentalist government put in place. Iran-Iraq War, Iraq invaded disputed territory (1980 1988), Persian Gulf War Iraq invades Kuwait for oil. US helps with Iraqi defeat. Israel Country/Group

Palestine Lebanon

Iran

Shah Pahlavi, Ayatollah Khomeini Saddam Hussein

Iraq

Collapse of the Soviet Union

1. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the USSR. 2. Perestroika is a plan to stimulate economic growth. 3. Glasnost is openness ended censorship. 4. In 1991, opponents tried to overthrow Gorbachev and restore previous order. He later resigned, but his policies helped contribute to the break up of the Soviet Union. 5. Boris Yeltsin becomes Russian President in 1991.

6. Poland: A. Solidarity was an independent trade union led by Lech Walesa. The group sought political change. B. In 1989, due to the weak USSR, Poland was able to hold their 1st elections in 50 years. Lech Walesa was elected President. 7. Germany: A. In 1989, the Berlin Wall fell and East and West Germany united for the 1st time since the end of WWII. B. Reunification did lead to some problems such as high taxes and unemployment. 8. The Balkans: A. After the fall of communism Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Macedonia separated from Yugoslavia and became independent states. B. The policy of removing or killing people of a certain ethnic group is known as ethnic cleansing.

Political and Economic change in Latin America

Country Problems, Solutions and Change
he lost power in a coup. 1983, democracy was restored.

Argentina Juan Perons repressive government led to huge debt and Guatemala Civil War between indigenous (local) Indians and military.
1996, rebels gave up and peace was reached.

Cuba

1959 Fidel Castro gains control of government, Later he gains support of USSR backed), 1990 Contras Violeta Chamorro is elected.

Nicaragua Civil War Sandinistas (communists) vs. Contras (US Mexico Panama
PRI dominated Mexican politics from 1900 1997 when they lost the monopoly of power. NAFTA is created to lower trade barriers in N. America. Panama was given control of the canal in 2000 by the US.

Economic Trends
1. Northern, Wealthy Nations: Western Europe, N.America, Japan, Australia. 2. Southern, Poor Nations: Asia, Africa and Latin America. 3. Obstacles to development: geography, population growth, past economic policies, economic dependence (debt), political instabilities.

A. IMF: International Monetary Fund helps nations in debt. B. ASEAN: Association of South Eastern Asian Nations. C. NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement (US, Canada and Mexico). D. EC: Common Market, expanded trade. E. EU: European Union, introduced euro. F. OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, controls oil prices.

Conflicts and Peace Efforts

1. 2. Terrorism is deliberate use of unpredictable violence to achieve political goals. Methods to attempt to stop terrorism: increased airport security, condemnation (disapproval) of terrorist activity.

Area The Balkans South Asia Africa

Problem/Leader
Yugoslav president (Milosevic), used ethnic cleansing against nonserbs. Sikhs want self-rule, Sri Lanka, Indonesia

Resolution?
NATO intervened in 1999 but Milosevic refused peace.

In Sri Lanka Buddhist vs. Hundus, In Indonesia Catholic wanted independence. Indonesia used force but gave independence in 1999. 1994 Hutu extremists launched genocide against Tutsi. It was stopped when Tutsi led rebel army took over the government.

Rwanda (Hutu vs. Tutsi)

Area Middle East North Korea China N.Ireland

Problem/Leader
Palestine and Iraq (Saddam Hussein)

Resolution?
Palestinians gained some self-rule in Isreal. Violence is still a problem. Saddam was removed from power and executed. Democracy is trying to become established.

Kim Jong Il (communist Countries fear the nuclear capabilities Dictator) of N. Korea. They remain poor due to high military spending. Hu Jintao communist China and US relations strained due to American spy plane landing in China. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) (Catholics) tried to drive the British out of Northern Ireland. Protestants formed their own groups. Terrorist activity became common. Ceasefire 1995 incidents still occur.

Britain maintained control of 6 northern countries of Ireland after its independence in 1922.

Area

Problem/Leader

Resolution?

India & Pakistan Former USSR

Hindus vs. Muslims

Indian city Kashmir wants to separate from India and join Muslim Pakistan. Both countries are nuclear.

Collapse of communism 1994-96 Russia fought war in led to difficult transition. Chechnya (who wanted independence) 1999 Russia blamed Chechnya for attack on Moscow.

4. The United Nations: A. List the ways that the UN maintains peace around the world Peacekeeping operations, disaster relief, fighting for human rights.

Social Patterns and Change

Country Japan How have the traditions in the country been changes/altered?
More focus on individual work ethic and success. Women gaining rights, entering workplace. Saudi Arabia Family structure has weakened. Women still have few rights. Not ready for Western ideas. Movement to cities led to social problems. Some say fundamentalism is the answer. Afghanistan Women have obtained rights since the fall of the Taliban. Western ideas are being used.

Egypt

Algeria

Fighting between those who support French influence and traditionalists.

How has each item evolved?

Overpopulation
Family planning, birth control

Urbanization
In cities, traditional values often fade. Women have more opportunities in cities. Poor, overcrowded shantytowns grow due to high cost of living.

Status of Women
West women share equality Middle East varied, some rights to few rights

Global Migration
Due to influx in 1996, Germany no longer takes immigrants. Mid 1970s French limit immigrants, in US illegal immigration is a problem.

Science and Technology

The Green Revolution
The food supply has increased due to irrigation, machinery, fertilizer, pesticides, new varieties of grain and livestock.

The Computer Revolution (including the internet)

Increased demand for computers because business depends on them. The internet (a growing computer network) links the world, provides information, it is fast and widespread.

The Space Age

The US and Russia have cooperated in many space ventures, Satellites are commonly used today for telephone, navigation, TV, computers and weather forecasts.

Medical Technology
People are living longer and enjoying better quality of life (due to vaccines, transplants, antibiotics and laser surgery). We have seen cloning, and AIDS drug resistant microbes.

The Environment
Problem Pollution Acid Rain Depletion of the Ozone Layer Global Warming Description
Contamination of the environment

Solutions
Government sets standards on water and air quality Reduction of emissions that release pollutants into the air. Eliminate CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons)

Rain that falls through the air and becomes polluted by fossil fuels Layer of gases in the atmosphere that a hole is forming in. Gradual rise in global temperatures (greenhouse effects)

Reduction of emissions

Problem Deforestation

Description
Destruction of forests (especially tropical rainforests)

Solutions
Creating new sources of income for countries who are participating in deforestation. Banning shipment and sale of endangered animals, preserving habitats. Restricting livestock grazing, irrigation Disposing of radioactive waste properly

Endangered Species Desertification Nuclear Proliferation

Wiping out of various animal and plant species Changeover of arable land into desert Spread of nuclear weapons