Land Use and Environment

the relationship of land use and the natural environment policies and programs to control land use impacts and to protect and restore environmental resources. environmentally sensitive land use, design and development methods and techniques of environmental land analysis technologies for mitigation of environmental impacts

Sustainability
paths of economic, social, environmental, and political progress that aim to meet the needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
the integration of the Es, the tri-objectives

Economy, Environment, and social Equity, plus Engagement for political participation, and Eternity for a future orientation

Environmental Management for Sustainability

Means of controlling or guiding human-environment interactions to protect and enhance human health and welfare and environmental quality

Nature impacts humans (natural hazards) Humans impact humans through the environment (pollution) Humans deplete economic natural resources Humans undermine natural systems and ecosystems

What is Green & Sustainable Community?

Sustainable:

Stable economy Livable, affordable, walkable, mixed use community Healthy environment Engaged public
Restore and protect natural waters, biodiversity, air quality Use land, energy, water, materials efficiently Reduce carbon emissions Mitigate natural hazards Adapt to environmental change

Green:

Developing a skill set to create green, sustainable communities

Geospatial analysis Natural science, engineering and analysis:

Soils, water flow, water quality, ecology (forestry, wetlands, coastal zone, habitats), climate change Integration methods and metrics Planning process and collaboration Land conservation programs Community design Smart growth management Watershed and ecosystem management

Integrating science, design, planning, and policy

In production, available Dec 2011 but we will use new material

Creating Sustainable Communities, Watersheds, and Ecosystems

Part I. Context
Environmental Management Environmental Planning Land Use Planning Collaborative Planning

Part II: Environmental Land Analysis

Geospatial Information and GIS Soils and Geology Land Use and Water: Flow, Quality, Groundwater Ecology, Vegetation, Urban Forestry

Land-Water Interface: Riparian, Wetland, Coastal

Land Use and Wildlife Habitat Land Use and Climate Change Natural Hazard Mitigation Integrative Methods & Metrics

Part III: Environmental Land Use Management

Land Conservation Design with Nature for People Smart Growth: Local Government & Environmental Land Use Regional, State, Federal Environmental Land Use Ecosystem and Watershed Management

We are in the middle of the great transition to where is the question.

Population, billion

You are here

The End of Cheap Oil

Source: OSTP

2010 was hottest year on record!!

Global Land-Ocean Temperature index

2100

If nothing is done to slow greenhouse gas emissions. . .

CO2 concentrations will likely

be more than 700 ppm by 2100

Global average temperatures

projected to increase between 2.5 - 10.4F

Source: OSTP

Climate change and extreme weather:

Is the last year and the last month a sign of things to come?

Australia floods in January

Brazil floods and mudslides in January

Connecticut snow

Joplin, MO Tornado: 119 dead

Summer 2011 Heat Wave

Natural Hazards
Flooding near Buena Vista, VA, 1995

Flood Profiles and Flood Plain Maps

Smart land use to reduce coastal storm hazard to development and protect beach and dune resources

Other natural hazards: landslides

Seismic Earthquake Hazards

Japanese Earthquake/Tsunami

Geospatial Information and GIS: The Geospatial Revolution!!

Remote Sensing Aerial Photos DOQQ

Environmental Monitoring with Satellite data

Soils

Erosion and Sediment Control Planning

Land use and Water

Hydrologic Cycle

Effect of land use change and impervious surface on runoff and stream flow

Schuelers Impervious Cover Model

Schueler, Fraley-McNeal, Cappiella, 2009

Reformulated Impervious Cover Model

Schueler, Fraley-McNeal, Cappiella, 2009

TR 55: Impact of land use on peak discharge

Win TR-55

Low Impact Development (LID) Bioretention: Using vegetated Depressions to Detain and Treat Runoff

Drainage Swale

Groundwater Terminology

Wellhead Protection Areas

Landscape Ecology

Forested Riparian Buffers: Water quality and habitat protection

The Riparian Zone

American Forests Ecological Analysis: Canopy Cover Atlanta, 1974

Forest Cover 1996

Wetlands: Avoid, Minimize, Mitigate

Alternative development designs to mitigate impact in the Coastal zone

Wildlife Habitats Core Reserves

Managed specifically for wildlife species diversity.

Farm or Ranch Land

Buffer Zone
Managed for desirable edge species and low Intensity recreation.

Linking Corridor
Managed as habitat and for species migration and dispersal.

Green Infrastructure

Holmes Run: Urban Biodiversity in a highly urbanized watershed

Habitat Conservation Plans (HCP) and Natural Community Conservation Plans (NCCP)

Part III: Land Use Management to Create Green & Sustainable Communities, Watersheds, and Ecosystems
Land Use and Climate Change Land Conservation Design with Nature for People Smart Growth Management Ecosystem and Watershed Management

Why do we need the Green & Sustainable Community?

To respond to three imperatives: The Land Use Sprawl Imperative The Climate Change Imperative The Affordable Livibility Imperative

The Solution? Urbanism compact, walkable, mixed use, dense, transit-oriented, green communities

The Land Use Sprawl Imperative

Sprawl: land consumptive, dispersed, auto-dependent land development made up of homogeneous segregated land uses heavily dependent on collector roads.

Consumes natural habitat and agricultural land Drives up vehicle miles traveled, oil consumption, GHG emissions Social impacts of isolated, auto dependent, sedentary lifestyles Unsustainable patterns of land use manage land use and development and arrest sprawl
to protect water, agriculture, habitats
to conserve energy and materials and reduce GHG emissions

The Imperative:

design and plan livable, walkable, and healthy communities reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) & oil & GHG emissions

U.S. Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) 1960-2005, projections to 2025

Growth at 2.3%/yr, doubling every 30 years

Millions

Energy Use: Land Use, Building size, Consumer choice

Typical Residential Energy Use by Design Type

450 400

417

Primary Electric Heating

350

184

297 219
147

Transport

Million Btu/yr

300 250 200 150 100 50 0

108

92 56

140
74 45 21

138
61 27 50

88
49 18 21

90
50

125

71

Suburban Suburban Urban SF Average Green Average

Urban SF Urban MF Urban MF Green Green

Los Angeles VMT CO2 per sq. mi.

Los Angeles CO2 per household

The Climate Change Imperative

Unsustainable patterns of energy use Carbon-based fossil fuels cause global warming, climate change and expected impacts:

increased human deaths from heat waves, floods, hurricanes, droughts, malnutrition, and infectious diseases; water supply shortages; spatial shifts of ecosystems and agricultural systems; species extinction; and coastal sea level rise and flooding Mitigate climate change by reducing GHG by reducing carbon energy Prepare for and adapt to the consequences of climate change

The Imperative:

Land Use & Climate Change

Our sprawling patterns of land use have created an automobile and petroleum culture that is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

We can mitigate GHG emissions through more efficient patterns of land use and building and transportation technology

Our patterns of coastal and streamside development and water consumption make us vulnerable to the impacts of climate change

We need to anticipate the effects of climate change and adapt to those changes with planning for alternative water supply and more severe natural hazards from extreme weather events and sea level rise.

The emerging field of Climate Action Planning stresses both mitigation and adaptation.

The Affordable Livability Imperative

Increasing rates of poverty Jobs: Un- and under-employment Jobs-housing imbalance Unaffordable housing Unaffordable mobility The Imperative:

Create affordable housing and mobility through dense, compact, mixed use development and transit access Workforce training for green jobs Workforce housing

Green & Sustainable Communities

Apply sustainable technologies and designs at various scales Promote market penetration of these systems through

green rating systems, sustainability planning, and public policies and regulations social movement and consumer and community choice

Sustainable Designs
Applied at different scales from building to site to neighborhood to community to region
Environmental objectives:

Energy, water, land and material efficiency; renewable energy; climate change mitigation Water and air quality protection, waste minimization Natural hazard mitigation and adaptation Biodiversity preservation

Economic objectives: Social objectives:

Neighborhood Scale
Neighborhood LID: Light Imprint Develop. Green Infrastructure Neighborhood/community energy systems

Combined heat & power District heating (+absorption cooling) Neighborhood solar Compact, Mixed use, Walkable Design 5 Ds: Density, Diversity, Design, Destination accessibility, Distance to transit

Sustainable land use

Neighborhood: Green Infrastructure

Tree Canopy, Bioretention & Infiltration

LID Neighborhood Design: smaller lots, retained vegetation on-site water retention/infiltration,

Sustainable Land Use

Smart Growth (neighborhood scale):

Grow where infrastructure exists Infill development and redevelopment Compact, mixed use, walk-able neighborhoods Neo-traditional neighborhoods Density: population/employment per acre Diversity: mixed use residential/commercial/jobs Design: aesthetics, sidewalks, street connectivity Destination accessibility: ease of trip from pt. of origin Distance to Transit: 1/4 to mile from home or work

New Urbanism Design:

5 Ds of Sustainable Land Use:

The Neighborhood
The optimal size of a neighborhood is a quarter-mile from center to edge. For most people, a quarter mile is a five-minute walk. For a neighborhood to feel walkable, many daily needs should be supplied within this five-minute walk. That includes not only homes, but stores, workplaces, schools, houses of worship, and recreational areas.

Transit Oriented Development (TOD)

TOD Arlington County, VA

Portland

The 20-minute Complete Neighborhood Concept

Portland Light Rail and TODs

King Farm New Urbanism development near Rockville, MD

Photosimulation of redevelopment design in Stillwater, MN

Spatial impact of the automobile: 40 people, one peson per car

40 people as if in their cars

40 people as if on a bus

40 people walking and biking

Local Government Land Use Planning and Management

Zoning ordinance

Urban Growth Boundary

Growth Boundary
Portland, Oregon

Oregon