Figure 5-1

Computer hardware (subsystems)

Memory Hierarchy II

Memory Types
RAM (Random access memory):
SRAM (Static RAM) (flip-flop gates) DRAM (Dynamic RAM)

ROM (Read only memory)

PROM (programmable) EPROM (erasable programmable) EEPROM (electronically erasable programmable)

RAM
Static RAM Dynamic RAM

Memory Slots
SIMM slot used in macintosh computer
motherboard used during the 1980s and 1990s 30-pin and 72-pin

DIMM Slot used in desktop computer

DDR and SDRAM nowadays used in desktop

RIMM slot released for i820 chipset,

72 pins available

Static RAM
Made by Flip-flop (referring to an electronic circuit can be used to store state information ON or OFF ) No refresh Rate (No need to refresh ) Faster than Dynamic RAM High cost Ex: Cache Memory

Dynamic RAM
Made by Capacitor (stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the conductor, Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass ) Need to Refresh Cost is Low Slow compare to Static Ex: SDRAM,DDR

DDR
Dual Data Rate (Or) Double Data Rate It is Latest RAM type This is used for Speed capabilities Type DDR1, DDR2, DDR3

DDR1
2.5v No of Occurrence 200 MHz 64 bits data bus used Delay time is 2.5nano Sec Data Transfer Speed is 400Mbps 184 pin

DDR2
1.8 v Bus Frequency (no of Occurrence) 333 MHz 64 bits Data Bus is Used (comp-mem) Delay time 5ns(nano second) 240,204 pin

DDR3
1.5 v Bus Frequency (no of Occurrence) 666 MHz 64 bits Data Bus is Used (comp-mem) CAS latency ( Delay time ) 7 per ns 240 pin

SDRAM
Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory MIN Frequency 133 MHz MAX Frequency 266 MHz 168 pin 3 pieces or 2 notch keys

ROM
Read Only Memory Non volatile Memory Data is not erased Type PROM, EP-ROM, EEP-ROM, Flash ROM

P-ROM
Programmable ROM Invented in 1956 Stored the Data by 0, 1 The bit cell is programmed by applying a high-voltage pulse

EP-ROM
Erasable Programmable ROM Non volatile (hold the data when power off) Data is erased by ultraviolet light address represented by the values at the address pins of the EPROM Storing data in the memory requires selecting a given address and applying a higher voltage to the transistors

EEP-ROM
Electrical Erasable Programmable ROM Types of Non-volatile Memory It is same as Flash memory. that can be erased and reprogrammed in units of memory called blocks Store small amounts of data when power is removed

Secondary Memory
SEQUENTIAL ACCESS STORAGE DEVICES AND MEDIA (SASD)
magnetic tape

DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICES AND MEDIA (DASD)

magnetic floppy disks magnetic hard disks optical discs

Direct Access Storage Devices

magnetic hard and floppy disks removable hard disks optical discs
CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD
GEOMETRY: TRACKS and SECTORS

Direct Access
SEEK controller advances read/write head to proper track LATENCY waits for proper sector to rotate under head READ/WRITE disk head scans the sector for read or write

Magnetic Disks
FLOPPY DISKS
5.25 and 3.5 inch diskettes 1.44 2.88 MBytes capacity access: drive speeds 600 r.p.m. inexpensive, archival uses for small amounts of data

HARD DISKS
3.5 inch has approx 10-30K tracks per side multiple disk, sides (cylinders) high capacity access: drive speeds 5,400; 7,200 r.p.m. and higher

CD-ROM
1. density: 16,000 tpi 2. Size: up to 650 Mbytes 3. Type:
a. CD-R(discs are burnt one at
a time)

b. CD-RW (Erased, written up to

1,000 times)

Table 5.2 CD-ROM speeds

Speed

Data Rate

Approximation

-----------1x 2x 4x 6x 8x 12x 16x 24x 32x 40x

-----------------------153,600 bytes per second 307,200 bytes per second 614,400 bytes per second 921,600 bytes per second 1,228,800 bytes per second 1,843,200 bytes per second 2,457,600 bytes per second 3,688,400 bytes per second 4,915,200 bytes per second 6,144,000 bytes per second

-----------150 KB/s 300 KB/s 600 KB/s 900 KB/s 1.2 MB/s 1.8 MB/s 2.4 MB/s 3.6 MB/s 4.8 MB/s 6 MB/s

DVD
Digital Versatile Disc second generation CD-ROM higher capacity:
higher data density multiple sides multiple layers Double side Maximum size 17 GB low 4.7 GB

Table 5.3 DVD capacities

Feature

Capacity

--------------------------------single-sided, single-layer single-sided, dual-layer double-sided, single-layer double-sided, dual-layer

-----------4.7 GB 8.5 GB 9.4 GB 17 GB

Figure 5-4

Memory hierarchy

Register
A register is a very small amount of very fast memory that is built into the CPU (central processing unit) in order to speed up its operations by providing quick access to commonly used values.

 It is a fastest memory In built in CPU(L1,L2) L1(Primary cachefirst check data in cache memoryit is equalant access time to CPU clock speed) L2(secondary cache

Figure 5-5

Cache

5.2 MAIN MEMORY

Figure 5-6

Physical layout of a magnetic disk

Figure 5-14

Connecting CPU and memory using three buses

Other Type of RAM

NVRAM (does not lose its information when power is turned off ) The best-known form of NVRAM memory today is flash memory (electrically erased and reprogrammed ) EDORAMEDO (extended data output) RAM is a type of random access memory (RAM) chip that improves the time to read from memory on faster microprocessors such as the Intel Pentium. EDO RAM was initially optimized for the 66 MHz Pentium. For faster computers, different types of synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM) are recommended. GRAM