FIRE SUPPORT

Table of Contents: I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. Organization by Unit, pp. 2-3 Key Terms Defined/FSCMs, pp. 4-8 CDRs Responsibilities in Top Down FS Planning, p. 9 Capabilities and Planning Considerations, pp. 10-15 Fire Support Planning Process, pp. 16-18 Essential Fire Support Tasks, pp. 19-22 Staff Planning Tools, pp. 23-33 Artillery and Mortars Effects, pp. 34-38

DS FA BATTALION ORGANIZATION
MECH/ARMOR DIVISIONS
FA BN 155 - MM SP FA BTRY 155 - MM SP
15/0/375

LIGHT DIVISIONS
FA BN 105 - MM TOWED
HHS
27/3/195

34/2/587

36/3/405

HHB
17/0/110

Service Battery
2/2/102

FA BTRY 105 - MM (T)

9/0/210

MAJOR EQUIPMENT
Howitzer, medium, Self Propelled, 155 mm Carrier, Cargo 18 18 HMMWVs

MAJOR EQUIPMENT
Howitzer, medium, Towed, 105 mm 18 18 1 Q-36 Counter Battery Radar

Carrier, CP
FIST-V COLT Q-36

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12 6 1

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FIRE SUPPORT SYSTEMS AVAILABLE BY TYPE DIVISION

Light Infantry Division

105mm Towed Artillery(DS) MTRs
x 18 per DS Bn per BDE ( 6 per battery) 60mm 2 x CO

Airborne / Air Assault Division

105mm Towed Artillery(DS) MTRs
x 18 per DS Bn per BDE ( 6 per battery) 60mm 2 x CO

155mm Towed Artillery(GS)

x 6 ( one battery ) General Support to Div

(GS)
81mm 4 at Bn

No General Support Artillery to the Division

81mm 4 at Bn

Mech / Armor Division

155mm SP Artillery(DS)

Stryker BDE Combat Team

MTRs 155mm Towed M198 Artillery
x 12 per DS Bn per BDE ( 4 per battery) 60m m 2x CO 81m m 4x 3 BN 120

MTRs

x 18 per DS Bn per BDE None at CO ( 6 per battery)

MLRS (GS)
120mm 4 at Bn x 6 ( one battery ) x 18 General Support to Div FA Battalion 1 x Q-36 Radar 1 x Q-37 Radar

Key Terms and Definitions

Fire Planning is a continuous process, usually top-down driven or initiated, of planning and coordinating fire support requirements. Central to the process is the development and execution of essential fire support tasks (EFSTs). Conceptually, a fire plan is the logical sequence of executing EFSTs to support the concept of operation. Targeting is the process of selecting targets and matching the response to them, taking account of operational requirements and capabilities. It is a sub-process within the fire planning process specifically designed to manage only the DECIDE, DETECT, DELIVER and ASSESS (D3A) functions. Targeting occurs within the MDMP when the battle staff is developing an operations order (OPORD) (in this respect overlaying directly over many fire planning process functions) and occurs outside of the MDMP once the plan is completed (in this respect validating previous D3A decisions while planning for future D3A decisions). High Value Targets(HVT) are targets deemed important to the enemy commander for the successful accomplishment of his mission. The loss of HVTs can be expected to contribute to a substantial degradation of an important enemy battlefield function. HVTs may or may not become High Payoff Targets (HPTs). High Payoff Targets (HPTs) are HVTs that must be successfully acquired and attacked to contribute substantially to the success of friendly operations. They are developed on the basis of METT-T and are not dependent on the ability of the unit to acquire or attack them. Essential Fire Support Task. A task for fire support to accomplish that is required to support a combined arms operation. Failure to achieve an EFST may require the commander to alter his tactical or operational plan. A fully developed EFST has a task, purpose, method, and effects. Concept of Fires. The logical sequence of EFSTs that integrated with the scheme of maneuver will accomplish the mission and achieve the commander's intent. Allocates in broad terms the fire support assets to achieve the EFSTs. The concept of fires is the basis of the fires paragraph. Scheme of Fires. The detailed, logical sequence of targets and fire support events to find and attack the HPTs. It details how we expect to execute the fire support plan in accordance with the time and space of the battlefield to accomplish the commander's essential fire support tasks. The products of the fire support (FS) annex: fire support execution matrix (FSEM), target list/overlay, and/or a modified target synchronization matrix (TSM) articulate the scheme of fires.

RADAR ZONES
Critical Friendly Zones (CFZs)- An area, usually a friendly unit or location, that the maneuver commander designates as critical. It is used to protect an asset whose loss would seriously jeopardize the mission. When the computer predicts that an enemy round will impact in a CFZ, the computer will report the location of the weapon that fired the round in precedence ahead of any other detection. Any location of a weapon firing into a CFZ will result in an immediate call for fire unless it is manually overridden by the radar operator. The CFZ provides for the most responsive submission of targets to the fire support system. The CFZ is the only zone that does not have to be in the search fan of the radar. Some examples where the commander may use CFZs are: battle positions (BPs), passage points, breach points, air-assault/airborne LZs and PZs, forward scout positions, support by fire positions, attack by fire positions, choke points along maneuver routes, and aviation forward arming and refueling point (FARPs). Call for Fire Zones (CFFZs)- A CFFZ designates a search area forward of the FLOT that the maneuver commander wants suppressed, neutralized, or destroyed. An area designated as a CFFZ would likely be on enemy fire support positions and is closely tied to information developed during the IPB process and the HPTL. A CFFZ provides the second most responsive priority of request for fire generated by the radar. A target identified in a CFFZ will generate an FM;CFF Priority 2 message. However, the commander may upgrade this to a Priority 1 message for certain CFFZs. Some examples where a CFFZ may be used are: enemy mortar, artillery groups, and missile positions. Artillery Target Intelligence Zones (ATIZs)- An area in enemy territory that the maneuver commander wishes to monitor closely. Any weapons acquired in this zone will be reported to the IFSAS/AFATDS computer ahead of any other target detection except CFZ and CFFZ, but the detection will only result in a target report. Examples where an ATIZ could be used are the same as for a CFFZ. Censor Zones (CZs)- An area from which the commander wishes to ignore any target detection. CZs must be used very judiciously, since the computer does not report to the operator a round originating from a CZ. A CZ may be used to ignore a friendly artillery position that, because of its aspect angle to the radar, could be detected as enemy artillery. This situation could occur when an uneven FLOT exists or when friendly units are in enemy territory. A CZ may also be used when artillery fires in support of rear operations. Radar Zone Rules 1. Any nine zones may be entered into the radar. 2. Define zones using 3 - 6 grids. 3. Zones can not touch or intersect each other. 4. No more then two zones can lie along the same search Azimuth. 5. All zones except CFZs must fall inside radar search sector

FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION MEASURES

(ALL GRAPHICS ARE IN BLACK)

BOUNDARIES PERMISSIVE MEASURES

BOTH PERMISSIVE (ENGAGE TGTS W/I BOUNDARIES) & RESTRICTIVE (CANT ENGAGE TGTS ACROSS)

FIRE SPT COORD LINE: CORPS OR DIV LINE BEYOND WHICH ALL FIRES MAY BE FIRED WITH COORDINATION. FAILURE TO COORDINATE DOES NOT PRECLUDE ENGAGEMENT. COORDINATED FIRE LINE: DIV OR BDE LINE BEYOND WHICH SURFACE TO SURFACE FIRES MAY BE FIRED W/O COORDINATION FREE FIRE AREA: CORPS OR DIV AREA WHERE ALL FIRES MAY BE DELIVERED W/O COORDINATION

FSCL 2nd CORPS EFF 010530 Z JUN 94

CFL 9TH IN RGT EFF 301245AUG64

FFA 7TH ID EFF 110001FEB94130001FEB94

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FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION MEASURES(continued)

(ALL GRAPHICS ARE IN BLACK)

RESTRICTIVE MEASURES
RESTRICTIVE FIRE LINE: BN OR HIGHER. LINE BETWEEN TWO CONVERGING FORCES ACROSS WHICH NO FIRES (DIRECT/INDIRECT) OR THEIR EFFECTS MAY CROSS W/O COORDINATION W/ ESTABLISHING HQs
RESTRICTIVE FIRE AREA: BN OR HIGHER. AREA INTO WHICH SPECIFIC CONSTRAINTS ON FIRES CANNOT BE EXCEEDED W/O COORDINATION W/ ESTABLISHING HQs NO FIRE AREA: DIV OR HIGHER. AREA INTO WHICH NO FIRES OR THEIR EFFECTS MAY BE DELIVERED W/O COORDINATION W/ ESTABLISHING HQs

RFL 2/9 IN 151200DEC 96

RFA 1/9 IN EFF 201800AUG95 NO DPICM

NFA 3D INF DIV EFF 091200JUN94

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FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION MEASURES (continued)

(ALL GRAPHICS ARE IN BLACK)

RESTRICTIVE MEASURES (continued)

AIRSPACE COORDINATION AREA:
FORMAL -- ESTABLISHED BY BDE OR HIGHER . THREE DIMENSIONAL BLOCK OF AIRSPACE THAT PROVIDES LATERAL AND ALTITUDE SEPARATION BETWEEN AIRCRAFT AND OTHER FIRE SUPPORT ASSETS. INFORMAL -- PREFERRED METHOD. ESTABLISHED USING LATERAL, ALTITUDE, OR TIME SEPARATION OR ANY COMBINATION. NORMALLY NOT DEPICTED ON A MAP OR OVERLAY ACA 4 MECH DIV MIN ALT: 400 MAX ALT: 2700 EFF 080600-080610 JUL94

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COMPANY COMMANDERS RESPONSIBILITY IN TOP DOWN FIRE PLANNING

UNDERSTAND HIGHER COMMANDERS GUIDANCE FOR FIRE SUPPORT

INTEGRATE COMPANY MORTARS (IF AVAILABLE)

CONFIRM/REFINE TARGET LOCATIONS ESTABLISH/VALIDATE TRIGGER POINTS/LINES FOR ENGAGEMENT

ASSIGN TARGET RESPONSIBILITIES

POSITION FORWARD OBSERVATION ASSETS CHECK COMMUNICATIONS REHEARSE FIRE SUPPORT PLAN WITH MANEUVER PLAN VALIDATE FIRE SUPPORT WARNING ORDER CHECK TERRAIN SKETCHES NOMINATE TARGETS IF AUTHORIZED
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INDIRECT FIRE ASSETS - CAPABILITIES

MORTAR CAPABILITIES PROJECTILE HE min max ILLUM WP RP GAS CS 60MM 3490 70 3490 3490 N/A N/A N/A 81MM 5608 83 5100 4500 4875 N/A N/A 120MM 7200 200 7100 7200 N/A N/A N/A PROJECTILE APERS* HEP-T** HE APICM HE-RAP HC SMOKE WP ILLUMINATION HOWITZER CAPABILITIES LIGHT INFANTRY: M119 M119A1 DIRECT FIRE ONLY DIRECT FIRE ONLY 14.3KM 11.5KM 19.1KM 11.5KM 11.5KM 11.5KM

RATES OF FIRE 60MM -MAX: SUST: MAX: SUST: MAX: SUST: 30 RNDS PER MIN 20 RNDS PER MIN UNLIMITED 30 RNDS PER MIN 15 RNDS PER MIN UNLIMITED 16 RNDS PER MIN FOR 1 MIN 4 RNDS PER MIN UNLIMITED PROJECTILE HE # OF TUBES 2 4 6 6 6 8 FPF SIZE 60 X 30 140 X 35 240 X 40 420 X 70 210 X 35 400 X 50 BB-DPICM DPICM* M825 SMOKE COPPERHEAD*** ADAM/RAAM** ILLUMINATION HE-RAP

*FLECHETTE RD; LIMITED SUPPLY **LIMITED SUPPLY; USED AGAINST LIGHT ARMORED VEHICLES AND BUNKERS MAX/SUS RATE OF FIRE -- M119A1 6 RNDS/MIN FOR 2 MIN THEN 3 RNDS/MIN FOR 30 MIN THEN 1 RND/MIN

81MM --

120MM --

HOWITZER CAPABILITIES M109A6 (PALADIN)

CHG8 CHG7W 18.1KM 14.7KM MAX RATE 4RDS/MIN FOR 3 MIN SUST RATE 1 RND/MIN FOR 60 MIN THEN .5 RDS/MIN

FPF SIZES WEAPON SYSTEM 60MM 81MM 107MM 120MM 105MM 155MM

27.7 17.8 21.7 16.0 17.7 17.5 30.0

17.0 14.4 14.3 11.0 14.6 14.2 23.4

*CONTAINS 88 SUBMUNITIONS. EACH WILL PENETRATE 2.75 OF ARMOR AND WILL PROCUCE ANTI-PERSONNEL FRAGMENTATION. **FASCAM ***FOOT PRINT CONSIDERATIONS: ANGLE T LESS THAN 800 MILS (45 DEGREES) DISTANCE FROM LASER TO TARGET: MOVING -- 3 KM STATIONARY - 5KM DISTANCE FROM HOWITZER TO TARGET: 16 KM

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Artillery and Mortar Capabilities and limitations

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Risk Estimate Distances (REDs)

Item/System Description
1/3 RNG

1/10 PI
2/3 RNG MAX RNG 1/3 RNG

1/1,000 PI
2/3 RNG MAX RNG

M224 M29/M252 M120 M102/M119 M109/M198 M109/M198

60mm Mortar 81mm Mortar 120mm Mortar 105mm HE 155mm HE 155mm DPICM

60 75 100 85 100 210

65 80 100 85 100 225

65 80 100 90 125 250

100 165 150 175 200 450

150 185 300 200 280 450

175 230 400 275 450 600

CAUTION The provided risk-estimate distances are for combat use only and are not minimum safe distances for peacetime training use.

Risk-estimate distances allow the ground force commander to estimate the risk in terms of the percent of friendly casualties that may result from a strike against an enemy in close proximity to friendly elements. Risk-estimate distances are based on fragmentation NSFS MK-45 5/54 gun 210 225 250 450 450 600 patterns. The risk is expressed as the probability of incapacitation (PI), which is the probability that a soldier will suffer an incapacitating injury. Risk estimates were calculated using the following assumptions: 1. All cannon attacks Rockets are perpendicular to the FLOT. 2. An observer has adjusted the fires200 the target. (Unadjusted FFE200 may onto fires 2.75 FFAR 160 160 160 200 entail greater risk.) 3. The friendly troops are standing unprotected in the open, in winter clothing and helmet, and on a line 12 perpendicular to the line of fire.

Planning Unit Basic Loads

AMMUNITION MLRS 155mm BN 105mm BN 120mm PLT 81mm PLT 60mm PLT HE 460 2304 704 336 456

HE RAP
DPICM APICM CPHD

1188
2396

612

1152 198

ILLUM
SMK WP MLRS DPICM ADAM-L 684 (114 PODS)

90
126

200
180

100

48

104

200

96

140

18

13

ADAM-S

126

AN/TPQ-36 Planning Ranges:

FA 14.5km Mortars 18km Rockets 24km

Radars

AN/TPQ-37

Planning Ranges:
FA & Mortars 30km Rockets 50km

Min Range - 750m Search Sector 0230 to 1600mils (6400mils in extended search mode) Located 3-6km behind FLOT* Emplacement Time 20 minutes displacement Time 5 minutes Air transport- CH47D, UH-60, C130, C-141

Min Range - 3km Search Sector 300 to 1600 mils Located 8-12km behind FLOT* Emplacement Time 30 minutes displacement Time 15 minutes Air transport- CH47D, C-141

Actual distances from the FLOT are METT-TC dependent and will vary with the tactical situation and commanders guidance.

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FIRE SUPPORT RESPONSE TIMES

DIRECT SUPPORT BATTALION MISSION PROCESSING TIMES
1ST VOLLEY 2-3 MIN BATTERY 6 RDS = 36 RDS TOTAL = 2 MIN BATTALION 2 RDS = 36 RDS TOTAL = 4-6 MIN (DOES NOT INCLUDE CLEARANCE OF FIRES/FA TIME/TIME OF FLIGHT)

DIRECT SUPPORT BATTALION DISPLACEMENT TIMES

MARCH ORDER = 5 MIN ROAD MARCH = 30 MIN (10KM - 20KM/HR) ACHIEVE FIRING CAPABILITY = 15 MIN TOTAL TIME = 45 MIN (WELL TRAINED UNIT)

FASCAM
PLANNED

REHEARSHED
BATTERY FASCAM (400M X 400M) 10-15 MIN ADJUSTMENT 5:30 - 11:30 2 PLTS TO BUILD BUILD- UP TIME :30 - 1:30 1 PLT TO SUSTAIN TIME BEFORE SCREEN EFFECTIVE 6:00 - 13:00 BATTALION (1000M FOR 10 MIN) 20-25 MIN SMOKE 40-45 MIN 20-25 MIN

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The Fire Planning Process

Brigade Identify Requirements for Division EFSTs Assign Responsibilities for Division EFSTs Develop Brigade EFSTs Develop Targets to Support Brigade EFSTs Assign Responsibilities For Brigade EFSTs Allocate Assets to Battalions/TFs Verify Refinement Rehearse & Execute Rehearse & Execute Battalion/TF Identify Requirements for Brigade EFSTs Assign Responsibilities for Brigade EFSTs Develop Battalion/TF EFSTs Assign Responsibilities For Battalion/TF EFSTs Allocate Assets to Companies Verify Refinement Company/TM Identify Requirements for Battalion/TF EFSTs Assign Responsibilities for Battalion/TF EFSTs Develop Company EFSTs Assign Responsibilities For Company EFSTs Rehearse & Execute

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FIRE SUPPORT PLANNING PROCESS

RECEIPT OF MISSION

MDMP STEP

INPUTS

MISSION ANALYSIS

Higher WARNO or OPORD Facts from FA Bn, ALO, Others Facts from higher, lower, and adjacent FSEs / FIST IPB Products Enemy COA from S-2 HVTs by enemy phase or critical event

FSO protion of MA Brief Understand Higher Mnvr and FS Plan Higher FS Plan Organize and Analyze facts Briefing Charts ID Specified and Implied Tasks FS Status Translate Status of FS Assets into capabilities FS Capabilities/Limitations Analyze effects of IPB on FS FS IPB Analysis FS Timeline Use above to develop draft EFSTs Recommend EFSTs Commander Approves/ Modifies EFS and gives further FS Guidance

ACTIONS

OUTPUTS

See OUTPUTs from Step 1

COA DEVELOPMENT

For each COA developed: Determine where to find and attack EFST formations ID HPTs in those formations Concept of Fires Quantify the effects for EFSTs Draft FSEM Plan Method for EFSTs Draft TGT List / Overlay Allocate TA Assets / Deliver Assets Integrate Triggers with Mnvr COA Draft TSM or modified TSM Use Battlefield Calulus Collection / R&S Plan Assist S-2 in R&S Development to support FS Final Drafts: Targeting Decisions : Finalize HPTL Wargame FS Plan(s) VS enemy COAs Fires paragraph FS Annex Modify / Refine Inputs as required FSEM Refine and test FS plan TGT List/Overlay TSM (HPTL,AGM,TSS) Commander: Approval briefing Selects, Approves, Modifies COA FS Plan briefed as part of each COA FSO: FSO presents analysis as part of battle staff FS WARNO 3
Clean-up finalize & reproduce written products Prepare, rehearse, and issue OPORD 17 FS Back brief Manage refinement

COA ANALYSIS AND COA COMPARISON

See OUTPUTs from Step 2

See OUTPUTs COA APPROVAL AND from Step 3 ORDERS PRODUCTION

STAFF SUPERVISION

FIRE SUPPORT TARGETING PROCESS F I R E

DECIDE
Enemy Formation Recon Platoon Company Reserve Dismounts COPs ADA C2 RISTA Engineer Asset Mortars Med Arty Btry

DETECT
TA Asset Scouts COLTs UAV Q36/37 GSR SIGINT FIST TAR Maneuver

DELIVER
Delivery Asset DS FA MTRs MLRS R FA GS FA/MLRS CAS NSFS LAND

ASSESS
Desired Quantifiable Endstate Method of Assessment COLTs UAV Q36/37 GSR SIGINT FIST TAR Maneuver

PIR HVT HPTL

UBL
RSR CSR

R & S Plan NAIs TAIs

S Duration of Effects ATO U Enemy Capability TARGETING Harass Suppress OBJECTIVE P Maneuver Direct Fire Neutralize Destroy Indirect Fire P Combat Power DELAY DISRUPT AGM FM 6-20-10 Communicate O Observation LIMIT DESTROY FM 6-20-10 Does munition match observer? R Redundant OPs? Munition volume meet damage T TARGETING intent S,N,D?
MEETING MDMP
Survivability?

OBSERVATION PLAN of Damage Degree

MANAGMENT

REATTACK CRITERIA
TGT LIST

FSEM

TASK PURPOSE

METHOD

EFST Fires EFFECTS 18 Paragrap

ESSENTIAL FIRE SUPPORT TASK Prioritized list of things fire support must accomplish A task for fire support to accomplish that is required to support a combined arms operation. Failure to achieve an EFST may require the commander to alter his tactical or operational plan Expressed in terms of task, purpose, method, effects T-P-M-E TASK - Describes Targeting Objectives (delay, disrupt, limit, destroy) PURPOSE - Describes why the task contributes maneuver METHOD - Describes how the task will be accomplished (Priority, allocation, restriction) EFFECTS - Quantify successful accomplishment of the task
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Essential Fire Support Task. A task for fire support to accomplish that is required to support a combined arms operation. Failure to achieve an EFST may require the commander to alter his tactical or operational plan. A fully developed EFST has a task, purpose, method, and effects. TASK: Describes the targeting objective that fires must achieve against a specific enemy formation's function or capability. These formations are high-payoff targets (HPTs) or contain one or more HPTs. TASK is normally expressed in terms of objective, formation, and function. Objective. Targeting objectives such as disrupt, delay, limit or destroy (per FM 6-20-10). Other terms can be used as long as you and the FSCOORD share the same understanding of those terms. Formation. A specific element or sub-element of the enemy. Can specify a specific vehicle type or target category as long as the mutual meaning (between maneuver commander and FSCOORD/FSO is clear). Function. A capability of the formation that is needed for it (the enemy formation) to achieve its primary task and purpose. PURPOSE: Describes the maneuver or operational purpose for the task. Normally described in terms of the maneuver purpose. This should identify as specifically as possible the friendly maneuver formation that will benefit from the targeting objective and describe in space and time what the objective will accomplish. METHOD: Describes how the task and purpose will be achieved. It ties the detect function to the deliver function in time and space and describes how to accomplish the task. Normally described in terms of priority, allocation and restriction. It is from the method of an EFST that subordinate units, including field artillery and target acquisition, get (some) of their essential tasks [essential field artillery tasks (EFAT) for artillery units]. Priority. For detection assets, it assigns priorities for named area of interest (NAIs), target area of interest (TAIs), engagement areas (EAs), and/or HPTs to find. For deliver assets, it assigns the priority of which HPT that system will primarily be used against. Allocation. For both detection and deliver assets, it describes the allocation of assets to accomplish the EFST. Restriction. Describes constraints - either requirements to do something; or prohibition on action. Normal considerations include ammunition restrictions and fire support coordinating measures. EFFECTS: Quantifying the successful accomplishment of the task - provides a guide to determine when we are done with the task. One measure of effects is to determine if the purpose was met. If multiple delivery assets are involved, it helps clarify what each 20 must accomplish. Effects determination also provide the basis for the assess function of targeting and contribute to the decision of whether to re-attack the target.

Example EFST

1 of 2

3.a. (2) Fires. Phase I. Counter-reconnaissance. Task. Disrupt recon and C3 vehicles (ACRVs and BRDMs) of the 132nd MRRs ability to identify and report our BPs and obstacle locations. Purpose. To allow the maximum surprise effects of fires in EA FLAME and to prevent effective early indirect fires against our BPs. Method. Pri- FA and mortar POF to TM B. Allo- COLTs 1 and 2 OPCON to TM B for Phase I and II. COLTs 3 and 4 OPCON to TF HQ for the entire operation. COLT 1 fires AB2000 (CPHD) when MRR recon is at VIC BM513. Alternate observer for AB2000 (CPHD) is COLT 2. Use DPICM against stationary enemy recon vehicles unless COLTs have a good CPHD target. TM B plans 1X mortar priority target. Rest- BDE CFL is PL BULLET. 300M radius NFAs on COLT and Scout locations. Clear all smoke mission through 2nd BDE. FA priority targets and FPFs are battery sized (300MX50M). Mortar priority targets and FPFs are platoon sized (360MX60M). Effects. 2 ACRVs & 3 BRDMs recon vehicles destroyed west of PL SHOTGUN. Friendly BPs not identified by the enemy recon. Phase II. PL Shotgun. Task. Disrupt enemy long range AT and direct fires against TM B as it withdraws from counterrecon screen and delay lead MRCs advance through Buffalo Gap. Purpose. To allow TM B to withdraw to the east of PL Shotgun and enable TF to engage lead MRCs with DPICM. Method. Pri- FA and mortar POF to TM B. Allo- TM B fires AB2700 (SMK-M), 10 minutes 500MX50M as it disengages from Buffalo Gap. Alternate observer for AB2700 is SCOUTs. As TM B clears PL Shotgun, they will fire AB1010 (FA FASCAM) 400Mx400M SD RAAMS/ADAMS, medium density. Alternate observer for AB1010 is SCOUTs. SCOUTs fire Group A10B behind FASCAM minefield after TM B clears PL SHOTGUN and lead MRC halts behind FASCAM. COLT 2 has one CPHD priority target. TM B has one mortar priority target AB2700. Rest- BDE CFL is PL BULLET. 300M radius NFAs on COLT and Scout locations. Clear all smoke mission through 2nd BDE. FA priority targets and FPFs are battery sized (300MX50M). Mortar priority targets and FPFs are platoon sized (360MX60M). Effects. Enemy long range AT fires ineffective against TM B when withdrawing. Lead MRC delayed for 15 minutes in Buffalo Gap.

(Continued next page) 21

Example EFST
Phase III. EA Flame.

2 of 2

Task. Disrupt the lead MRBs ability to mass direct fires against BP 202, BP 101, and BP 303. Purpose. To enable our TMs a direct fire advantage in EA Flame and the ability to destroy 70% of 132 nd MRR in EA FLAME. Method. Pri-FA POF to TM A O/O TM TANK. Mortar POF to TM C. Allo- COLTs 1 and 2 OPCON to TF HQ for Phases III and IV. TM A fires A1B when the lead MRC enters EA Flame. Alternate observer is TM TANK. TM A fires AB2002 FA FPF (300MX50M) if required. TF retains control of two CAS sorties for use in EA Flame. Informal ACA will be established by TF FSO & TF ALO. Complementary SEAD is provided by firing Group A1B. Rest-BDE CFL shifts to PL SHOTGUN when TM B clears PL SHOTGUN. 300M radius NFAs on COLT and Scout locations. Clear all smoke mission through 2nd BDE. FA priority targets and FPFs are battery sized (300MX50M). Mortar priority targets and FPFs are platoon sized (360MX60M).

Effects. Lead MRB unable to mass coordinated fires against BP 202, BP 101, and BP 303. 6 tanks, 8 BMPs, and 2 engineer vehicles destroyed.
Phase IV. Strong Point 1 and Counterattack. Task. Disrupt MRC sized formation from massing their combat power on SP1. Purpose. Allow TF 2-6 to maintain favorable force ratios vicinity SP1 and retain control of Cache Wye intersection. Method. PriMortar POF to TM B. Allo- TM B allocated one mortar FPF. TM A fires AB2003 FA FPF (300MX50M) if required, alternate observer is TMA. Rest- 300M radius NFAs on COLT and Scout locations. Clear all smoke mission through 2 nd BDE. FA priority targets and FPFs are battery sized (300MX50M). Mortar priority targets and FPFs are platoon sized (360MX60M). Effects. No enemy penetration of SP1, TM B maintains 80% combat power within SP1
There may be NO Essential Fire Support Tasks in a particular phase. Also, there may be more than one Essential Fire Support Task in a particular phase.

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Military Decision Making Process & Fire Support

INPUTS
-Higher HQ OPORD -Facts from higher, lower, adjacent FSEs -IPB Products Facts from FS assets

ACTIONS
-Understand higher OPORD -Organize and analyze facts -Identify specified and implied tasks -Translate status of FS assets into capabilities -Analyze effects of IPB on FS -Develop Draft EFSTs

OUTPUTS
-FS portion of mission analysis brief -Recommend EFSTs Draft R&S plan

CDRs INPUT
-Demand detail in the mission analysis briefing -Approve or modify draft EFSTs -Give your intent -Give planning guidance, to include FS guidance, to the battle staff

NEXT ACTION
-Modify outputs based on Cdrs input -Issue warning order (WARNO) -Begin COA development -Develop fire support plan to support R&S plan

Mission Analysis COA Development COA Analysis

-FS portion of mission analysis brief -Approved EFSTs -Commanders guidance for fire support

-Determine where to find and attack EFST formations -Identify HPTs in those formations -Quantify effects for EFSTs -Plan methods for EFSTs -Allocate assets to acquire and attack -Integrate triggers with maneuver COA -Use battle calculus -Assist S2 in R&S plan development -Targeting decisions: finalize HPTL -Wargame fire support plan(s) against enemy COAs -Modify/refine inputs as required -Refine and test fire support plan

For each COA develop a draft fire support plan that includes: -Concept of fires -Draft FSEM -Draft target list -Draft TSM or modified TSM

Approve or modify the draft EFSTs, as part of approving COAs, that will be analyzed in the next step.

-Modify outputs based on Cdrs input -Issue WARNO -Prepare for and conduct COA analysis

For each COA to be wargamed: -Concept of fires -Draft FSEM -Draft target list -Draft TSM -R&S Plan -Requested EFSTs from subordinates

Final drafts of: -Fires paragraph -Fire support annex to include: -FSEM -Target List -Target overlay -TSM or modified TSM

Approve wargame if not a participant

-Modify outputs based on Cdrs input -Prepare COA decision briefing

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FIRE SUPPORT

RESULTS OF FIRE SUPPORT MISSION ANALYSIS Fire Support Assets Available (Include DS/R/GSR FA, CAS, Mortars, IEW, COLT, etc.) Fire Support Capabilities (Number of Killer Missions*, Minutes of Smoke*, Number of FA Delivered FASCAM*) Availability of Fire Support Assets Fire Support IPB (Effects of Terrain and Weather on Fire Support Systems and Employment)
Friendly Enemy

COMMANDERS GUIDANCE FOR FIRE SUPPORT BLUF: Tell the FSO What You Want Fire Support To Do And What Your Priority Is Prioritized High Payoff Targets Approved or Modified EFSTs in Logical Sequence*
Task (Objective, Formation, Function) Purpose (Tied To Maneuver Purpose) Method Priority of Fires Allocation of Priority Targets Employment of Special Munitions (Changes to SOP) Allocation of Targets Allocation of COLTs/Strikers Restrictions and Fire Support Coordination Measures

Established Fire Support Coordination Measures Recommended Fire Support Coordination Measures HPTs From Higher Higher Commanders Attack Guidance and Attack Criteria Specified Fire Support Task From Higher Implied Fire Support Tasks Form Higher Recommended High Payoff Targets (HPTs) Proposed Essential Fire Support Tasks (EFSTs) Fire Support Timeline *Parameters Determined By Unit SOP

Effects (Quantify Desired Results) Positioning Considerations for Fire Support Assets Class V Planning Considerations

BDE Specific Counterfire and Use of Radars (Priorities,Allocation and Placement of Radar Zones) Cueing Schedules * Sub-Bullets Are Possible Format For INFO, Not Required Of Maneuver Commander - But Helpful 24 to FSO BACK

Appendix___ to Annex D to OPORD______________________

MISSION ANALYSIS - FIRE SPT ASSETS AVAILABLE AVAILABILITY FIELD ARTILLERY

Tactical Mission Unit Model # of tubes Location Event Event Event Event

DS R GS Q-36

FA CAPABILITIES
# RDS KILLER MISSIONS PER TUBE 27 DPICM _____ x Company _____ x Platoon 9 CPHD _____ x MSNs 2 1 HE (S) _____ x MSNs Bn HE (D) _____ x MSNs Bn 3

SMOKE FASCAM: COLTs x _____ ___x 1000m x 30min 400x400 TACP x _____ LOW 24/3 x____ ETAC x _____ ILLUM MED 48/6 x____ _____ MIN HI 96/12 x____ SD LD

CAS
TYPE# SORTIESPUSH

NSFS
STRIPTYPE SALT

MTRs
TYPE #

HE WP ILLUM

RESTRICTIONS:

RFIs

25

FIRE SUPPORT WARNING ORDER

MISSION DTG MISSION SECTOR/BATTLE POSITION/OBJECTIVE TASK ORGANIZATION WITH EFFECTIVE DTG TENTATIVE TIME SCHEDULE FOR MAJOR EVENTS (FS/MNVR) HIGHER HQs PLANNED TARGETS

26

BACK

BN/TF FIRE SUPPORT ORDERS BRIEF ESSENTIAL ELEMENT

UNDERSTAND AND ARTICULATE CDRS GUIDANCE FOR EACH FS ASSET (PRIORITY OF THE TYPES OF TARGETS AND GUIDANCE AS TO THE EFFECTS DESIRED/REQUIRED) PROVIDE PURPOSE, PRIORITY, ALLOCATION, AND RESTRICTION OF ASSETS AVAILABLE (FIELD ARTILLERY, MORTARS AND NGF, CAS IF AVAILABLE) HIGH PAYOFF TGTS/ATTACK GUIDANCE MATRIX COLT EMPLOYMENT, POSITIONING,TARGET PRIORITIES, AND SECURITY CO/TM RESPONSIBILITIES FOR TARGETS/TARGET EXECUTION (PRIMARY AND BACK-UP RESPONSIBILITIES)--OBSERVATION PLAN CLEARANCE OF FIRES (POSITIVE CONTROL) COORDINATING INSTRUCTIONS (TARGET REFINEMENTS, PLANNING CUT-OFF TIMES, ORGANIZATION OF FIST TEAMS IF NON-STANDARD) SEAD PLAN FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION MEASURES (INCLUDE ON-ORDER MEASURES) AMMUNITION FIRING RESTRICTIONS (USE OF ILLUMINATION, SMOKE, DPICM, OR AMOUNT OF AMMO TO BE FIRED/SAVED) CRITICAL COMMO CALL SIGNS AND FREQUENCIES NOT INCLUDED IN SOI (CO AND BN EXTRACTS) REHEARSAL INSTRUCTIONS
27 BACK

BN/TF FIRE SUPPORT ORDERS BRIEF ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS (cont.)

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS FOR ARTILLERY: FA MISSION STATEMENT (TASK AND PURPOSE) ORGANIZATION FOR COMBAT (DS, R, GSR FA UNITS AVAILABLE) FA LOCATIONS (CURRENT AND PROPOSED) FA RANGES (DEPICTED AS RANGE FANS AND BASED UPON PREVAILING PROPELLENT CHG) FA AMMO STATUS (EXPRESSED IN BN VOLLEYS FOR HE/ICM, NUMBER OF FASCAM MINEFIELD, NUMBER OF CPHD, MINUTES OF SMOKE AND ILLUM ) FA PRIORITY OF FIRES & ALLOCATION OF FA TGTS TO PLAN (PRIORITY TGTS, FPFs, PREPLANNED) ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS FOR MORTARS: MORTAR MISSION STATEMENT--PURPOSE AND PRIORITY OF FIRES MORTAR TUBES AND AMMO AVAILABLE MORTAR MOVEMENT/ OCCUPATION (PLT, SEC, ETC) MORTAR POSITIONS AND RANGE FANS MORTAR AMMO PRE-POSITIONING/RESUPPLY PLAN MORTAR AMMO STATUS (EXPRESSED IN NUMBER OF VOLLEYS FOR HE, NUMBER OF MINUTES OF WP AND ILLUM) 28 ALLOCATION OF MORTAR TGTS TO PLAN ( FPF, PRIORTIY TGTs, PREPLANNED)

BACK

FSO OPORD/REHEARSAL BRIEF

COMMANDERS GUIDANCE ACTIONS TO OCCUR ATTACK GUIDANCE ASSETS AVAILABLE PRIORITIES OF FIRE ALLOCATIONS PRIMARY/ALTERNATE TARGET RESPONSIBILITIES OBSERVATION PLAN RADAR PLAN POSSIBLE REACTIONS TO ENEMY INITIATIVES CONTROL MEASURES SIGNIFICANT EVENTS THAT ARE TO OCCUR IN RELATION TO TIME OR PHASES OF AN OPERATION

FIRE SUPPORT EXECUTION MATRIX

ASSIGNS SPECIFIC FS RESPONSIBILITIES TO CO/TM CDRS. GRAPHICALLY DISPLAYS HOW THE FIRE SUPPORT PLAN SUPPORTS MANEUVER PLAN--SYNCHRONIZIES FIRE SUPPORT WITH MANEUVER. IDENTIFIES WHO HAS BEEN ALLOCATED PRIORITY OF FIRES, PRIORITY TARGETS (AND WHEN THEY HAVE BOTH), AND FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION MEASURES. ASSIGNS TARGET EXECUTION RESPONSIBILITY -OBSERVATION PLAN WHEN APPROVED, THE FSEM BECOMES THE PRIMARY EXECUTION TOOL

29

BACK

Appendix___ to Annex D to OPORD______________________

a Line No b

TARGET LIST WORKSHEET DTG_____________________________

c d e Attitude L W f Purpose g

Page ______of______
h i Net

TGT NumberDescription

Location Alt

Primary Observer Alternate

Trigger

30

FIRE SUPPORT EXECUTION MATRIX (SAMPLE)

AA

LD/LC

PL BUD

PL KING 6

TF CNTRL TEAM TANK

TEAM B

4 CAS

FA POF FA PRI TGT AB 1009 AB2008

SERIS JANE GROUP A3B AB2009 AB1010 MORT POF MORT PRI TGT

AB 2010

MORT FPF MORT POF MORT PRI TGT FA POF FA PRI TGT

TEAM C
MTR PLT FSCM A

AB1011
POF TM C 1 PRI TGT

FA FPF POF TM B 1 PRI TGT O/O CFL PL KING RFL EFF 011800JUN FPF

2 1 E
31 BACK

CFL PL BUD EFF 010001JUN

FIRE SUPPORT EXECUTION MATRIX (BLANK)

TF CNTRL A CO

B CO

C CO
MTR PLT FSCM
32 BACK

TARGET SYNCHRONIZATION MATRIX

EVENT
ASSET STRENGTH UNIT LOCATION Enemy Formation
HVT/HPTs: Munition: Volume: Trigger: Effects: Enemy Formation HVT/HPTs: Munition: Volume: Trigger: Effects: Enemy Formation HVT/HPTs: Munition: Volume: Trigger: Effects:

EVENT
Enemy Formation HVT/HPTs: Munition: Volume: Trigger: Effects: Enemy Formation HVT/HPTs: Munition: Volume: Trigger: Effects: Enemy Formation HVT/HPTs: Munition: Volume: Trigger: Effects:

EVENT
Enemy Formation HVT/HPTs: Munition: Volume: Trigger: Effects: Enemy Formation HVT/HPTs: Munition: Volume: Trigger: Effects: Enemy Formation HVT/HPTs: Munition: Volume: Trigger: Effects:

EVENT
Enemy Formation HVT/HPTs: Munition: Volume: Trigger: Effects: Enemy Formation HVT/HPTs: Munition: Volume: Trigger: Effects: Enemy Formation HVT/HPTs: Munition: Volume: Trigger: Effects:

EVENT
Enemy Formation HVT/HPTs: Munition: Volume: Trigger: Effects: Enemy Formation HVT/HPTs: Munition: Volume: Trigger: Effects: Enemy Formation HVT/HPTs: Munition: Volume: Trigger: Effects:

NOTE: ASSETS INCLUDE DS FA BN, R FA BN, GSR FA BN, GSR MLRS BN, CAS, AND NSFS

33

60mm and 81mm HE EFFECTS

ROUNDS

6 2 -

12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 1 3 1 2 2 6 2 6 1 3 2 7 1 3 2 8 1 3 3 9 1 3 9 1 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5

TRPS I/O (PLT) TRPS I/O (CO)

TRPS DUG-IN (No OH )(PLT) TRPS DUG-IN (No OH )(CO) TRPS DUG-IN (W/OH )(PLT) TRPS DUG-IN (W/OH )(CO) ARTILLERY

10 11 12 12 13 14 14 15 15 16 1 2 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 7 1 2 2 7 1 3 8 1 3 9 1 3

4 4 -

5 5 - -

- 1 1 1

- -

2 2

- - 1

1 1

WHEELED VEH
APCs TANKS

1 1

2 2

- - -

34

105mm Artillery and 120mm Mortar HE EFFECTS

ROUNDS

6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 1 3 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11

TRPS I/O (PLT) TRPS I/O (CO)

TRPS DUG-IN (No OH )(PLT) TRPS DUG-IN (No OH )(CO) TRPS DUG-IN (W/OH )(PLT) TRPS DUG-IN (W/OH )(CO) ARTILLERY

6 12 15 18 1 1 2

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 3 3 8 3 8 1 2 3 9 1 3 3 4 9 1 3 4 4 4 4 5 5

2 2 5 -

3 4 -

6 7 -

10 11 11 12 13 14 15 1 3 2 2 2 4 2 4 3 5 3 5

- 1 1 2

3 4

1 1

- 2

1
3

1
3

1
3

2
4

WHEELED VEH
APCs TANKS

2 2

- - -

- 1 1 1 2 - - -35 -

105mm and 155mm APICM EFFECTS

ROUNDS

6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 4 6 8 9 11 12 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16 16

TRPS I/O (PLT) TRPS I/O (CO)

TRPS DUG-IN (No OH )(PLT) TRPS DUG-IN (No OH )(CO) TRPS DUG-IN (W/OH )(PLT) TRPS DUG-IN (W/OH )(CO) ARTILLERY

14 21 28 32 39 42 46 46 49 49 49 51 51 51 54 54 54 54 2 7 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8

7 11 11 14 14 14 16 16 16 19 19 22 22 22 25 25 25 1 - 1 2 1 1 2 3 4 2 2 2 5 2 2 2 6

3 3

4 5

5 5

- - -

WHEELED VEH
APCs TANKS

- - -

36

155mm HE EFFECTS
ROUNDS

6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 2 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 14

TRPS I/O (PLT) TRPS I/O (CO)

TRPS DUG-IN (No OH )(PLT) TRPS DUG-IN (No OH )(CO) TRPS DUG-IN (W/OH )(PLT) TRPS DUG-IN (W/OH )(CO) ARTILLERY

6 12 18 21 24 27 30 33 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 1 1 2 3 7 1 2 3 8 1 2 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7

3 6 1 1

9 10 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 2 1 3 2 3 2 4 2 4 2 5 2 5 3 3 6 6 3 6 3 4 7 4

7 7

- 1
4 4

1
6

1
7

1
8

1 2
8 8

WHEELED VEH
APCs TANKS

5 5

6 7

1
-

1
-

1
-

1 1
-

1
-

1 1
-

- -

- 371

155mm DPICM EFFECTS

ROUNDS

6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 3 6 9 11 12 13 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 17

TRPS I/O (PLT) TRPS I/O (CO)

TRPS DUG-IN (No OH )(PLT) TRPS DUG-IN (No OH )(CO) TRPS DUG-IN (W/OH )(PLT) TRPS DUG-IN (W/OH )(CO) ARTILLERY

9 18 27 32 36 39 41 43 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 1 3 2 6 1 3 9 1 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2 2 2 1 3 1 3 1 4 1 2 4 5 2 5 2 6 2 2 6 6 2 3 7 3

7 7

1
2

1
2

1
3

1 1
3 3

1
4

2
4

2 3
5 5

3
5

3
6

3 4 4
6 6 7

WHEELED VEH
APCs TANKS

4 4

1
-

1
-

1
-

1 1
-

1
-

2
1

2
1

2
1

2 3
1 1

3
1

3 4 4
2 382

1 1