MAKING INFERENCES ABOUT A LOCATION PARAMETER

One-Sample Sign Test

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

1. Test hypotheses using the one sample sign test. 2. Determine the test value using large sample approximation .

HISTORY
Reported by John Arbuthnot in 1710 It is called the sign test because we may convert the data for analysis to a series of plus and minus signs.

INTRODUCTION
One-sample sign test -- requires data converted to plus and minus signs to test a claim regarding the median

Change all data to + (above H0 value) or (below H0 value) Any values = to H0 , remove from sample size (n-1)

ASSUMPTIONS
a) The sample available for analysis is a random sample of independent measurements from a population with unknown median M. b) The variable of interest is measured on at least an ordinal scale. c) The variable of interest is continuous. The n sample measurements are designated by X1, X2, .,Xn.

HYPOTHESES
A Two sided : B One-sided : C One-sided : H0:M=M0, H0:MM0, H0:MM0, H1:MM0 H1:M>M0 H1:M<M0

TEST STATISTIC
Do not reject H0 have equal number of + sign and sign

Reject H0 have small number of either + / - signs

value of k=smaller number of +/- sign

DECISION RULE
1. For case A, reject H0 at the level of significance if the probability is less than or equal to /2. 2 For case B and C, reject H0 at the level of significance if the probability is less than or equal to .

STEPS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS

State the hypotheses Compute the test statistic Find critical value Make a decision, the null hypothesis will be rejected if the test statistic is less than or equal to the critical value Make a conclusion

HOW TO USE THE TABLE?

The probability can obtained from a table of binomial probabilities in Table A.1 P(K k| n,0.50) Where k = r (test statistic) n = the number of + or signs p = 0.50

EXAMPLE
In a study of myocardial transit times, Liedtke et al.* measured appearance transit times in a series of subjects with angiographically normal right coronary arteries. The median appearance time for this group was 3.50 seconds. Suppose that the another research team repeated the procedure on a sample of 11 patients with significantly occluded right coronary arteries and obtained the results shown below. * Liedtke, A. James, Harvey G. Kemp, David M. Borkenhagen, and Richard Gorlin, Myocardial Transit Times From Intra-coronory Dye-Dilution Curves in Normal Subjects and Patients with Coronory Artery Disease, Amer.J.Cardiol.,32 (1973),831 839.

Could the second team conclude, at the 0.05 level of significant , that the median appearance transit time in the population from which its sample was drawn is different from 3.50 seconds?
Appearance transit times for 11 patients with significantly occluded right coronary arteries
Subject Transit time, sec Sign 1 1.80 2 3.30 3 5.65 4 2.25 5 2.50 6 3.50 7 2.75 8 3.25 9 3.10 10 2.7 11 3.0

 Find the probability from the Table A.1 k= r =1, =0.05, n=10, p=0.5 Since k 1, we take k= 0 and k=1, Using the table, when k= 0, the value is 0.0010 and when k= 1, the value is 0.0098. So, P(K1|10,0.5)= 0.011 Since this was a two-sided test, the probability is 2(0.011)=0.022

 Make the decision Since 0.022<0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected. Conclusion There is enough evidence to support the claim that the median appearance transit time in the population from which its sample was drawn is different from 3.50 seconds.

LARGE SAMPLE APPROXIMATION

For sample size 12 or larger, we use the normal approximation to the binomial to find test value. z = (K + 0.5) 0.5n 0.5 n where, K = smaller number +/- sign n = sample size

EXERCISES
Case A 1. An educational researcher believes that the median number of faculty for proprietary (for-profit) colleges and universities is 150. The data provided list the number of faculty at a selected number of proprietary colleges and universities. At the 0.05 level of significance, is there sufficient to reject his claim?

The data provided list the number of faculty at a selected number of proprietary colleges and universities
372 111 165 37 119 142 133 342 126 92 140 140 179 243 109

95 191 83
136 149

136 137 171

122 133

64 61 100
225 127

75 108 96
138 318

Answer: Hypotheses : H0 = M = 150 (claim) H1 = M 150 Conclusion: We reject H0 There is enough evidence to reject the claim

Case C 2.Based on past experience, a manufacturer claims that the median lifetime of a rubber washer is at least 8 years. A sample of 50 washers showed that 21 lasted more than 8 years. At =0.05, is there enough evidence to reject the manufacturers claim?
Answer : Hypotheses: H0:M 8 (claim) H1: M < 8 Conclusion Do not reject H0. Not enough evidence to reject the claim

Case C 3. Lenzer* reported the endurance scores of animal during a 48-hour session of discrimination responding. The median score for animal with electrode implanted in the hypothalamus was 97.5. Suppose that the experiment was duplicate in another laboratory, except that electrode were implanted in the forebrain of 12 animals. Assume that investigators observed the endurance scores shown.

use the one sample sign test to see whether the investigators may conclude at the 0.05 level of significant that median endurance score of animals with electrodes implanted in the forebrain is less than 97.5.
Scores 83.0 89.1 97.7 84.4 97.8 94.5 88.3 97.5 83.7 94.6 85.5 82.6 Answer: Hypotheses: H0 : M 97.5 H1 : M < 97.5 (claim) Conclusion : We do not reject H0 Do not have enough evidence to support the claim
*Lenzer, Irmingard I.and Carol A. White, Statiation Effects in Continuous Reinforcement Sussecive Sensory Discrimination Situations, Physiolog,. (1973) 77 - 82

Case B 4. Iwamanto* found that the mean weight of a sample of a particular species of adult female monkey from a certain locality was 8.34 kg. suppose that a sample of adult females of the same species from another locality yielded the weight shown below.

*Iwamanto,Mitsuo,Morphological Studies of Macaca Fuscata: VI, Somatometry, Primates 12 (1971) 151 - 174

Weight 8.30 9.50 9.60 8.75 8.40 9.10 9.25 9.80 10.05 8.15

10.00
9.60 9.80 9.20 9.30

Can we conclude that the median weight of the population from which this second sample was drawn is greater than 8.41 kg? use the one sample sign test and a 0.05 level of significance. What is P value for this test
Answer: Hyphotheses H0 : M 8.41 HI : M > 8.41 (claim) Conclusion Reject HO Have enough evidence to support the claim