Problematic:

What are the PLCs components? What are the PLCs operations? Haw to create the PLCs programs? What are the advantages and disadvantages of PLCs?

Outline:
I.
II. III. IV. V. VI.

Introduction.
PLC Components. PLC Operations. PLC Programs. Advantages and Disadvantages.

Conclusion.

I.

Introduction

A. What does PLC mean?

A PLC (Programmable Logic Controllers) is an industrial computer used to monitor inputs, and depending upon their state make decisions based on its program or logic, to control (turn on/off) its outputs to automate a machine or a process.

B. PLCs History:
Developed to replace relays in the late 1960s. PLC began in the 1970s, and has become the most common

choice for manufacturing controls.

The PLC was invented in response to the needs of the

American automotive manufacturing industry (primarily

General motors).

Costs dropped and became popular by 1980s. Now used in many industrial designs.

C. Need for PLCs:

Flexible and can be reapplied to control other

systems quickly and easily.

Computational abilities allow more sophisticated

control.
Reliable components make these likely to operate

for years before failure.

D. Types of PLCs:

There are several different types of PLCs, but generally we use one of this tow PLCs:

II. COMPONENTS OF PLC

A. Processor.
B. Memory unit.

C. Power supply.
D. Input/Output Modules. E. Programming device.

A. Processor:

Processor is the central processing units (CPU) of the programmable controller, it executes the various logic and sequencing functions by operating on the PLC inputs to determine the appropriate output signals.

B. Memory unit:

Memory unit is connected to the CPU, which contains the programs of logic, sequencing and I/O operation. This memory unit is referred to as the user or application memory because its contains are entered by the user and also direct the execution of control program and coordinates I/O operations with the aid of system memory.

C. Power supply:

A power supply of 120v alternating current (ac) used to drive the PLC (some units operate on 240v ac) The power supply converts the 120v (ac) into direct current (dc) voltages of 24 v. These low voltages are used to operate equipment that many have much higher voltage and power ratings than the PLC itself.

D. Input/Output Modules:

1) Input Module:

Input to the PLC are signals come from: Limit-switchs, Pushbuttons, Sensors, And other on/off devices.

2) Output Module:

Outputs from the controller are on/off signals to operate: Motors, Valves, And other devices required to actuate the process.

E. Programming device:

Programming device is used to entered the required program into the memory of the processor.

III. PLC Operations

The PLC program is executed as part of a

repetitive process referred to as a scan.

 A PLC scan starts with the CPU reading the status of inputs. The application program is

executed using the status of the inputs. Once the program is completed, the CPU performs internal diagnostics and communication tasks. The scan cycle ends by updating the outputs, then starts over. The cycle time depends on the size of the program, the number of I/Os, and the amount of communication required.

IV. PLC Programs:

Programming is done through programming

terminal.
Programming terminal translates engineering

language (logic control) to machine language (binary code)

 Most PLC manufacturers offer software packages that allow a standard computer to be used as a programming terminal: Examples:

- SYSWIN 34 for OMRON - STEP 7 for SIMENS

A. Programming Languages: Programming languages used to program a PLC.

LADDER DIAGRAM:

Ladder logic is the most commonly used PLC programming language.

Ladder logic programming has been expanded to

include such functions as counters, timers ,shift registers and math operations.

B. Symbols for PLC programming:

Input instructions:

- Normally Open (NO) instruction:

- Normally Closed (NC) instruction:

 Output instructions:

- Out instruction : The Out instruction is sometimes also called an Output Energize instruction. The output instruction is like a relay . OR - Out Bar instruction:

The out bar instruction is like a normally closed relay.

OR

 PLC Functions:

a. Counters:

A counter is a simple device intended to do only one thing, is to count. To use them we must know 3 things: - Where is the pulse that we want to count. - How many pulses we want to count before the react. - When/how we reset the counter so it can count again.

 Example:

Here we want to count 5 widgets from input 0001 before turning on output 0500. Input 0002 will reset the counter.

b. Timers:

It is an instruction that waits a set amount of time before doing the react. To work with timers, we must know tow things:
-

What will enable the timer. How long we want to delay before the react.

 Example:

 Example of a complete ladder diagram:

V. Advantages/ Disadvantages
A. Advantages of PLCs:
-Reliable in operation.

-Flexibility in programming and reprogramming in the plant. -Online/offline modifications. -Cost effective for controlling complex systems. -Small physical size, shorter project time. -Speed of operation. -Ability to communicate with computer systems in the plant. -Ease of maintenance /troubleshooting. -Documentation. -Security.

B. Disadvantages of PLCs:

Most PLCs manufacturers offer only closed architectures for their products .

PLC devices are proprietary which limits the design and cost options.

VI. CONCLUSION
Finally, we summaries that our presentation takes

the basic PLCs knowledge; But, according the products of PLCs factories and their various models we must know how to choose the correct one wish it satisfies our needs.

References
www.plc.com

Introduction for PLCs

Wekipedia