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SHIPBOARD POWER GENERATION

CONVERSION AND DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM

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General Power Systems

• Majority of merchant ships have a 3-phase 3

wire, 440 V insulated neutral earth power
systems
• This power system falls in the category of LV
and meets the power demands of medium
capacity motors up to 200 kW

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contd

• When large loads are connected to the LV

system the magnitude of current flow becomes
too large resulting in overheating due to high
iron and copper losses
• P = VI Cos
• Copper loss = I2 R [kW]

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Losses in Electrical Systems

• Copper Losses in electrical cables and

machine windings
• Hysteresis Loss in magnetic cores
• Eddy current loss in conductors and cores
• All these losses are current dependent and rise
to very high levels in LV machines for large
power ratings

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Benefits of H V Power Systems

• Ships with large electrical loads now operate at high
voltage of 3.3-6.6 kV
• Such high voltage reduces the magnitude of current
and thus lowers iron/copper/eddy current losses and
also results in a cooler motor operation
• Low current flow reduces conductors size and hence
lowers cost of electrical equipment
• Power transmission more efficient with low loss

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contd

• A 6 MW motor load at 440 V and 0.8 pf will

require SB fault level to be of 90 kA and cable
full load current of 3300 A
• Same power system at 6.6 kV, needs SB fault
level of only 9 kA and cable full load current
of 220 A

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contd

• Flexibility of power system layout

– Prime Mover-Generator units can be located at
convenient location away from the propellers
– Propulsion motor can be located at the astern
below the water surface
– This results in shorter shaft and reduced vibration

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contd

• Load Diversity
– A set of prime movers can meet the demand of
propulsion as well as ships electrical load
– Prime movers can be operated at economical
speed at all times
– Propulsion load can be regulated to meet
emergency electrical load without adversely
affecting the ships passage time

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contd

• Ease of Control
– With advancement in power electronics fine speed
regulation of ac motors has become common
practice

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Typical Marine HV Systems

• 3.3 kV
• 6.6 kV
• 11 kV
• By generating electrical power at 6.6 kV
instead of 440 V, distribution and switching
power about 6 MW becomes easy

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Principal Components of HV
System
• Main Generators
• HV Switch Board
• HV Cables
• HV Transformers
• HV Motors (2-12 MW)

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Typical HV Equipment Rating

• Main SB = 6.6 –11 kV, Bus Cap =1250A

• Cargo SB = 6.6 kV, Bus Cap =1250 A
• Ballast Pp Motor = 6.6 kV, 330 – 2000 kW

• HD Copm = 6.6 kV, 770 kW, 3560 rpm

• Bow Thrusters = 6.6 kV, 3 MW,
• Transformer = 3400 kVA, 6600/450 V
• Reefer Transformer = 6600/450 V,
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Typical HV Power System

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HV/LV Power Supply system

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Propulsion Plant Layout

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Propulsion Plant Layout

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Propulsion Plant Layout

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Propulsion Plant Layout

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HV Propulsion Power System

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Concept of Electrical Propulsion

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Typical Azipod Prime Mover

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Azipod Drive Unit

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Typical EL Propulsion

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Twin Shaft EL Propulsion

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Earth Connections

• Distribution systems of these high voltage

usually have their neutral points earthed to the
ship’s hull through a resistor
• The resistor in neutral line limits earth faults
currents and protects equipment

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Types of Neutral Connections

• Insulated Neutral System

• Earthed Neutral System
• Resistance earth Neutral System

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Insulated Neutral to Earth

• This system is totally insulated from the ship’s hull
• This system maintains continuity of power supply to
the equipment even in the event of single phasing
fault.
• This ensure power supply to critical equipment
• The power supply to the equipment can disrupt only
if two single phase faults occur simultaneously in two
lines which is then equivalent to short circuiting
faults
• But such fault occur very rare

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Insulated Earth Neutral

Gen
Load

Earth

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Insulated Earth 3-Phase

Gen Load

Earth Single Earth Fault

OLADOKUN
no effect
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Insulated Earth 3-Phase

Gen Load

Earth Double Earth

OLADOKUN
short Circuit
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Neutral Earthed System

• Earthed Neutral is done in 3-phase system for supply
voltage of 3.3-6.6 kV and above
• If a solidly earthed system is used for such high
voltage then magnitude of earthed current will be
extremely high which can damage the equipment
• The earth current is limited by connecting a resistor
in series between earth and neutral point
• The earth current due to single phasing is limited not
to exceed rated current at maximum load

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Neutral Earth 1-Phase

Gen
Load

Earth Fault

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Neutral Earth 3-Phase

Gen Load

Fault in
Earth Line
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Switch Boards
• Switchboard is the main electrical power control
center of the ship
• All generators deliver their electrical power to the
main switch board.
• Main switch board supplies power to section boards,
motor starters, lighting boards and other distribution
lines
• Main switch board is connected to emergency switch
board/ generator/battery back up

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Types of Switch Boards

• Open front Type

– All essential switch gears are exposed in front of
the panel. Used for dc power system
• Dead Front Type
– All switch gears and live parts are concealed
behind the front sheet panel
– Only the operating handle and instruments appear
on the front. Mandatory for ac power system

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Contd

• Dead front SB is made accessible by providing

hinged doors in the front panel
• Some times too many equipment crowd the SB
which make maintenance difficult
• Indication Lamp is provided in the
switchboard to show that the shore supply is
available for connection to bus bar

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FPSO Electrical system Layout

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Shuttle Tanker Electrical System Layout

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Shuttle Tanker Electrical Line Diagram

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Drill Ship Electrical System Layout

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