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  • Improving Air Quality: Controlling Mobile Sources: © 2004 Thomson Learning/South-Western

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    U.s. Controls on motor vehicle emissions and fuels include incentives to encourage technological development of cleaner-running vehicles and cleaner alternative fuels. But the standards are not uniform across the country, making them difficult to enforce. A major problem with mobile source controls is that with few exceptions the emission standards are applicable across the country.

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    U.s. Controls on motor vehicle emissions and fuels include incentives to encourage technological development of cleaner-running vehicles and cleaner alternative fuels. But the standards are not uniform across the country, making them difficult to enforce. A major problem with mobile source controls is that with few exceptions the emission standards are applicable across the country.

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    23 views13 pages

    Improving Air Quality: Controlling Mobile Sources: © 2004 Thomson Learning/South-Western

    Uploaded by

    Arina Farihan Azhar
    U.s. Controls on motor vehicle emissions and fuels include incentives to encourage technological development of cleaner-running vehicles and cleaner alternative fuels. But the standards are not uniform across the country, making them difficult to enforce. A major problem with mobile source controls is that with few exceptions the emission standards are applicable across the country.

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    of 13

    Chapter 11

    Improving Air Quality: Controlling Mobile Sources

    2004 Thomson Learning/South-Western

    Urban Air Pollution: An Important Policy Motivation


    Measuring U.S. Air Quality
    Air quality index (AQI) an index that signifies the worst daily air quality in an urban area over some time period

    Urban Air Pollution: An Important Policy Motivation


    Urban Smog
    Photochemical smog a type of smog caused by pollutants that chemically react in sunlight to form new substances

    Controlling Mobile Sources


    Brief Retrospective on Motor Vehicle Emission Controls
    1963 Congress passed into law the Clean Air Act, the first extensive set of air quality standards Early years of mobile source controls were marked by a series of extensions and a chronicle of delays

    Controlling Mobile Sources


    Figure 11.2 National Emissions Estimates for Mobile Sources by Major Category for 1999

    Controlling Mobile Sources


    Current U.S. Controls on Motor Vehicles and Fuels
    1990 Clean Air Act Amendments strengthened U.S. controls on motor vehicle emissions and fuels Included incentives to encourage technological development of cleaner-running vehicles and cleaner alternative fuels

    Controlling Mobile Sources


    Emission reductions for motor vehicles
    Onboard Pollution Control Systems for Light-Duty Vehicles Fuel Quality Controls Reformulated gasoline newly developed fuels that emit less hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and toxics than conventional gasoline Oxygenated fuel formulations with enhanced oxygen content to allow for more complete combustion and hence a reduction in CO emissions
    7

    Controlling Mobile Sources


    Clean Fuel Vehicles a vehicle certified to meet stringent emission standards Clean alternative fuels fuels such as methanol, ethanol, or other alcohols, or power sources, such as electricity, used in a clean fuel vehicle

    Economic Analysis of Mobile Source Controls


    Absence of Benefit-Cost Analysis: An Inefficient Decision Rule
    Technology forcing by design specifically set to compel the auto industry to find solutions Benefit-based standards set to protect public health and welfare

    Economic Analysis of Mobile Source Controls


    Figure 11.3 Inefficiency of a Benefit-Based Decision Rule on Motor Vehicle Emissions

    10

    Economic Analysis of Mobile Source Controls


    Uniformity of Auto Emissions Standards
    Ongoing problem with U.S. mobile source controls is that with few exceptions the emission standards are applicable across the board on every model produced and without regard to where the vehicle will be driven Uniform standard Two-tiered standard

    11

    Economic Analysis of Mobile Source Controls


    Inherent Bias Against New versus Used Automobiles
    One dilemma of environmental law is the inherent bias caused by more stringent controls placed on new polluting sources

    12

    Economic Analysis of Mobile Source Controls


    Figure 11.5 Modeling the Bias Against New Automobiles

    13

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