INTERFACE ELECTRICAL TOPIC 2

Objective:

In the end of this course, students should be able to explain the signal types and standard interface communication.

Transmission media and physical layer

Guided Media

Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit from one device to another, include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.

Twisted Pair Coaxial Cable Fiber Optic

Twisted Pair

Two types of twisted pair cable

UTP connector

Categories of unshielded twisted pair cable.

Bandwidth very low < 2 MHz Data Rate < 100 kbps 2 Mbps Digital/Analog Analog Analog/digital Use Telephone T-1 lines

Category 1 2

3
4 5 6 7

16 MHz
20 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz 600 MHz

10 Mbps
20 Mbps 100 Mbps 200 Mbps 600 Mbps

Digital
Digital Digital Digital Digital

LANs
LANs LANs LANs LANs

COAXIAL CABLE

BNC connector

Categories of coaxial cable

FIBER OPTIC

Optical Fiber

Fiber types

Fiber optic cable connector

INTERFACE ELECTRICAL

Electrical interface is one of two related standards that can be used to physically interconnect computer devices. Interface includes not only connector and pinout, but consists of three parts:

Connector Pin assignment Electrical characteristics

INTERFACE ELECTRICAL

Interface description may include data format, data rate, cable length, mode of transmission, termination, bus common mode range, connector type, and system configuration.

Why do we need the standard interface?

To enable devices from different distributors communicate each other.

INTERFACE ELECTRICAL
The connector is defined by it shape, size, amount of pins it holds and the place the pins are mounted in the connector housing. Mostly it is built up of a shell (which contains the pins), the pins, the hood and something to mount it with like screw-locks or latches. The pin assignment describes which pin is connected to which circuit and thus describes the actual function of signal at the pin. The electrical characteristics describe the voltages, currents and shapes of the signals.

INTERFACE ELECTRICAL
There are some standardization organizations responsible for many common interfaces standards:
TIA/EIA (Telecommunications Industry Association/ Electronics Industry Association) ITU (International Telecommunications Union) CCITT (International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee) - now replaced by the ITU MIL-STD (United States Military Standards) FED-STD (Federal Telecommunications Standard Committee)

ELECTRICAL SIGNAL

RS RS RS RS

232C/V.24 422 423 449

RS 232C/V.24-serial interface

specification defines both the Mechanical, Electrical, and Functional characteristics. RS-232 is the standard serial communications interface found on all types of equipment such as computers, modems, printers, Microcontrollers, eprom programmers, and a host of other devices. Identical to the CCITT V.24/V.28, X.20bis/X.21bis and ISO IS2110 standards. RS232 defines the interface layer but not the application layer.

RS232 key features

Single-Ended Point-to-Point Interface Fully Defined Interface 20 kbps Maximum Data Rate (commonly used values are 300, 1200, 2400, 9600, and 19200 baud.) Max distance- 15 m (50ft)

RS 232 details
RS-232 standard defines electrical signal characteristics (voltage levels, timing, signaling rate, short-circuit behavior, cable length), mechanical characteristics of RS-232 interface and RS-232 pinouts and connectors.

RS-232 data transmission consist of time-series of bits. Both synchronous and asynchronous transmissions are supported, but asynchronous link sending seven or eight bits packets is most common configuration on PC.
RS-232 devices may be classified as DTE or DCE this defines which wires will be sending and receiving each signal.

EIA232 communication function and connector types for a personal computer and modem.

RS-232 connector

DB 25

DB 9

Applications

Telecommunication applicationcellular Network Performance Testing

Transportation application- Vehicle Diagnostics Telecommunication applicationBluetooth serial adapter

Applications

Banking-

Bank Teller Station Socket serial USB to Serial Adapter

RS-232 signals
The RS232 pinout signals are represented by voltage levels with respect to a system common (power / logic ground). The "idle" state (MARK) has the signal level negative with respect to common, and the "active" state (SPACE) has the signal level positive with respect to common. RS232 has numerous handshaking lines (primarily used with modems), and also specifies a communications protocol.

Electrical specifications:
Voltage level :
a)

Transmitter : logik HI 1 = 5 V to 25 V logik LOW 0 = + 5 V to + 25 V Receiver : logik HI 1 = 3 V to 25 V logik LOW 0 = + 3 V to + 25 V

b)

c)

Noise margin: ( 5 3 ) V = 2V

RS-232 Voltage Levels

Signal State Voltage Assignment

Voltages of -3v to -25v with respect to signal ground (pin 7) are considered logic '1' (the marking condition), Voltages of +3v to +25v are considered logic '0' (the spacing condition). The range of voltages between -3v and +3v is considered a transition region for which a signal state is not assigned.

example

One byte of asynchronous data

Signal Definitions
Signal functions in RS 232 can be divided into six categories. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Signal ground and shield. Primary communications channel. Secondary communications channel. Modem status and control signals. Transmitter and receiver timing signals. Channel test signals.

Signal Definitions
1. Signal ground and shield.

Pin 1 , 7.

2. Primary communications channel.

This is used for data interchange, and includes flow control signals. Pin 2, 3, 4, 5.

3. Secondary communications channel.

When implemented, this is used for control of the remote modem, requests for retransmission when errors occur, and governance over the setup of the primary channel. Pin 13, 4, 16,19.

Signal Definitions
4. Modem status and control signals.

These signals indicate modem status and provide intermediate checkpoints as the telephone voice channel is established. Pin 6, 20, 8, 12, 22, 23.

5. Transmitter and receiver timing signals.

If a synchronous protocol is used, these signals
provide timing information for the transmitter and receiver, which may operate at different baud rates. Pin 16, 17, 24.

Signal Definitions
6. Channel test signals.
Before data is exchanged, the channel may be tested for its integrity, and the baud rate automatically adjusted to the maximum rate that the channel can support. Pin 18, 21, 25.

Pin Data Signal 3 2 Ground Signal 7 1 Timing Signal 15 17 24 Control Signal 4 5 6 8 20

Name RD TD SG GND TC RC XTC RTS CTS DSR CD DTR

Function Received Data Transmitted data Signal Ground Protective Ground Transmit Clock Received Clock External Transmit Clock Request to send Clear to send Data Set Ready Carrier Detect Data Terminal Ready

Direction of transmission DTE DCE

DSR

Data Set Ready pin 6 DCE to DTE Used by the DCE to signal to the DTE that it is ready for operation and ready to receive data.
Data Terminal Ready pin 20 DTE to DCE Used by the DTE to signal to the DCE that it is ready for received data.

DTR

RTS

- Request To Send - pin 4 - DTE to DCE - Used by the DTE to signal the DCE that it may begin sending data. Clear To Send pin 5 DCE to DTE Used by the DCE to signal the DTE (after received RTS signal) that DTE may begin sending data.

CTS

TXD: Transmit Data; The data sent from the DTE and received by the DCE. RXD: Receive Data; The data sent from the DCE and received by the DTE.

CD: Carrier Detect; Used by the DCE to indicate to the DTE that the DCE has detected a carrier (of another device).
RI: Ring Indicator; Used by the Data Set to indicate to the Data Terminal that a ringing condition has been detected.

RS 449/ V.35 / EIA/TIA-449

Purpose for cabling and pin-out to form a complete interface
37-Position Interface for Data terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Employing Serial binary Data Interchange

EIA-449 cabling uses

EIA-422 differential pairs to send and receive data EIA-423 single-ended lines to send and receive control signals.
2 Mb/sec 15.24 Meters 1 Mb/sec 30.48 Meters 512 Kb/sec 60.96 Meters 256 Kb/sec 121.92 Meters 128 Kb/sec 243.84 Meters 56 K 487.68 Meters 1.2 Kb/sec 914.40 Meters

Data Rate Cable Length

Pin 1 2

Signal Name Shield Sec Receive Ready

Signal Function Ground Control from DCE

Pin 6

Signal Name Receive Common Sec Request to Send Sec Clear to Send

Signal Function Ground

Sec Send Data

Data to DCE

Control from DCE Control from DCE

Sec Receive Data

Data from DCE

Signal Ground

Ground

Send Common

Ground

EIA-449 9 Pin Connector Pin Out

RS 422
is a balanced serial interface for the digital transmission. advantage- greater immunity to noise max. Distance @ Rate max. Rate @ Distance
100 ohm -1200 meter/ 4000 feet @ max. 100 kbps

driver Output Resistance

4 kohm min. 150 mA

-10 Mbps @ 15 meter/ 50 ft

receiver Input Resistance

max. Output Current

4.

Electrical specifications:

a) Transmitter: Logik 0 : Logik 1 : b) Receiver: Logik 0 Logik 1

+ 2 V to + 6 V - 2 V to - 6 V

: +0.2 V to + 6 V : - 0.2 V to - 6 V

c) Noise margin : ( 20.2 )V =1.8 V

RS422 Voltage Transition Levels

RS 423 /

EIA/TIA-423

Specifies the electrical characteristics of the unbalanced (Single-Ended) interface that may be employed when specified for the interchange of serial binary signals between DTE and DCE or in any point-topoint interconnection of serial binary signals between digital equipment EIA-423 is used in EIA-449 and EIA530.

EIA/TIA-423 Switching Levels


1.

Exercises
State the meaning of electrical interface and its application in data communication. Given : Data: 11001100 Interface: RS 232C Method of transmission: Serial Asynchronous Parity: Even Based on the information given above, State the voltage level for bit 1 and 0. State the start bit, parity bit and stop bit. Sketch the shape of the output waveform.

2.

i.

ii.
iii.


3.

Exercises
List out two(2) organizations that are responsible to form the standard of interface connection between DTE and DECE. Explain two (2) characteristics of RS 232C/ V.24 on electrical and mechanical specifications.

4.