Information Systems

Lecture 11,12,13 IT Fundamentals (Database Management Systems) & (Telecommunications & Networks)
By Farhan Mir

Lecture Administration
Comments on Assignment 1 Database Management Systems
Basic Concepts Traditional File Based Environment Database Approach Components of a Database System Types of Databases New Trends in Databases Management Issues

 Data the starting point in Information Systems Data Management

Data basically stored in the form of files and databases Data Management Hierarchy
Bit-Byte-Field-Record-File-Database

Basic Concepts

Issues
Content Access Organization Accuracy Integrity Security Privacy Cost

Design (in the light of above issues)

User Interface

File Based Systems

Data properly identified and understood when stored in a file (e.g. Customer File, Invoice) In File processing, data is physically arranged/organized in files Display Terminals Started the concept of handling data in files Working of File based system
Application Program & Data Files File management software

Issues
Multiple file usage(integrating data from 2 or more files) Data Redundancy Data Updation Slow Processing

Advantages
In-expensive Simple to use

Database Management
The need to access data quickly A collection of software designed to provide a complete approach to organize and access organizational data Flexible access Independent Files may be utilized to generate new reports Example of a Bank Customer asking queries regarding his various accounts Database Environment
Users, Programmers, Application Programs, Database, Utility Programs

User Interface
Example of Oracle (developer)

Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages
Flexibility Faster Response Multiple Access Less Storage Integrity Overall Management

Disadvantages
High Cost
Initial purchase cost Hardware Requirements Professionals

Complexity Disaster & Recovery issues

Database Management for Larger Systems

Large Database Environment
Increased Complexity Transactional Data and Networking Needs Experts Needed to develop and maintain the databases Multiple Users Security Requirements

Database Administration
Data Administrator (what data will be stored) Vs. Database Administrator (who actually creates & maintain database, interacts with users & participants to evaluate needs)

Relational Databases

Relational Databases.
Independent Tables Relationship through primary & secondary keys SQL
Select Project Join

Authorization Compatibility with Existing Applications Database Security Data Dictionaries Distributed Databases

New Trends in Databases

Object Oriented
Objects Reusability Advance needs of Software Engineering

Multimedia
Merchandising Training Education

Image Processing Outside Database Providers

References
Charles Parker, Thomas Case. (2000). Management Information Systems: Action & Strategy. (2nd Ed). Chapter 7 Kenneth C. Laudon & Jane P. Laudon (2001). Management Information Systems: Managing a Digital Firm.(7th Ed). Chapter 7

Telecommunication & Networks

Telecommunication and Networks Networking Hardware & Software & Connecting Media Internet, Intranet and Extranet Internet & E-Commerce Electronic Communications Management Issues

Telecommunication & Networks

Telecommunication
Sending of information in any form (voice,data,text,graphics) from one place to another using electronic and light-media

Traditional stand-alone systems Vs. Interorganizational systems.

The Need for employees to work collaboratively Time
Instant/quick information requests

Geographical needs Alliances

EDI

Processing Needs
Distributed Environment

Sharing
The systems and system resources

Telecommunication & Networks

Role and Scope of Telecommunication in Business
Organizational Collaboration Information Exchange Business Communication
Formal & Informal

E-Commerce Tele-working Environment (an increasing trend)

Example: System Maintenance and Disaster Recovery Another Example: Idea Generators in Fashion Design Industry Virtual Universities (E-Learning/ Distance Learning)

The Need for Protocols

File Transfer Sharing Resources

Telecommunication
Telecommunication Model
Terminals Telecommunication Processors Telecommunication Channels Computers Control Software LAN WAN Intranets/Extranets Client/Server Networks

Types

 Hardware

Networking Hardware, Software & Connecting Media

LAN Cards Modems Multiplexers Switches Routers Hubs Exchanges

Software
O/S Web Browsers Middleware Security
Encryption

 Media

Networking Hardware, Software & Connecting Media

Coaxial Twisted-Pair Fiber Optics

Cables

Satellite Microwave Cellular Phone

Topologies
Single-line Star Ring Bus

Internet & E-Commerce

Internet
Network of Networks Expansion Rate (Web Presence & Users) Most Common Utilization
Communication Data Interchange Information Retrieval News & Discussion Platform And ofcourse new business horizon

E-Commerce
E-Transactions, E-Business Set of integrated activities
Simply having a good website will not guarantee success

Web Presence a key characteristics

Information regarding Organizational Products/Services Mechanism for secure transactions

E-Commerce
Types of E-Commerce
B2C (Business to Consumer) B2B (Business to Business)

Business Transformation
The Need to develop e-strategies
Example: CRM (Customer Relation Management)

The New Way of marketing

Interactive Marketing One-one customer relationship

The Need for E-Commerce

Customer Interaction Customized services (Multiple Services through single Channel at same time) Bypassing traditional intermediaries

E-Commerce.
E-Commerce Essentials
Merchant Systems
Online Shopping Mall Payment Systems
Wallets (online payments activities) Live Payments Security Checks

Publishing Systems Community Systems

Memberships Funds & Payments activities

The Current Picture

The Bubble Burst Failure & Success Stories E-Commerce, is it Product/Business Sensitive?

Management Concerns
The Need for Network
Requirement Analysis
Size of Organization and activities Business needs
Alliances Geographical operations Integration & Control

Hardware/Software Choice Vendor Selection

ISPs, Communication Media Vendors

Telecommunication & Networking Issues

Security
Telecommunication devices and the access

Privacy Maintenance
Keeping the blood flowing in the Network Question regarding new technologies and Disaster recovery

Concerns.
Structural Changes Cultural Changes
The issues of face-to-face interaction To Cope with faster pace of activities
The need to respond accurately and precisely on the right time Example of Backup Officer/ Information Officer

Backup Issues
You cant simply rely on the Continuity of the Network Need to develop alternatives
Both in the context of technology and strategies

Many Factors
Failure of Technology Inability of the Users Special Situations

References
Charles Parker, Thomas Case. (2000). Management Information Systems: Action & Strategy. (2nd Ed). Chapter 8 Kenneth C. Laudon & Jane P. Laudon (2001). Management Information Systems: Managing a Digital Firm.(7th Ed). Chapters 5&6 James OBrien. (1998). Introduction to Information Systems: A Networked Enterprise Perspective. (2nd Ed). Chapter 5, 6, 7