BDS, MDS LECTURER Department of Science of Dental Materials Dr.

Ishrat-ul-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences Dow University of Health Sciences

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What are materials?

Types of materials are: METALS: Combinations of "metallic elements, good conductors of heat and electricity, strong but malleable and tend to have a lustrous look when polished. CERAMICS: Compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements e.g. oxides, nitrides, and carbides. They are insulating and resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments. PLASTICS: Plastics (or polymers) are generally organic compounds based upon carbon and hydrogen. They are very large molecular structures. Usually they are low density and are not stable at high temperatures. COMPOSITES: Composites consist of more than one material type. Fiberglass, a combination of glass and a polymer, ceramic fibers in Free examples. metal or polymer matrix are Powerpoint Templates Page 2

INTRODUCTION
Metals
An opaque lustrous chemical substance that is good conductor of heat and electricity and, when polished, is a good reflector of light. Have crystalline structures Metals are available in 1. Pure form (pure aluminium or pure copper) or 2. Alloy form Free Powerpoint Templates

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 Out of 115 elements 81 can be classified as metals Metallic elements can be grouped according to Density, Ductility, Melting point Nobility
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METALLIC BOND
Metals
An element or alloy whose atomic structure readily loses electrons to form positively charged ions, and which exhibit
Metallic bonding, High electrical and thermal conductivity
(Associated with mobility of free electron)

Silicon and germanium termed as semiconductors

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ALLOYS
The use of pure metals in dentistry is limited
Soft Corrode(iron)

ALLOY
A solid material formed by combining a metal with one or more other metals or nonmetals is called an alloy. E.g. 1. Iron + Carbon + Chromium (Corrosion Resistance) 2. Pure Gold + Copper Stainless steel
Increase Strength

Resistance to Permanent Deformation Free Powerpoint Templates Page 7

CLASSIFICATION
Ferrous Containing iron & almost all are magnetic. e.g. mild-steel, cast-iron, toolSteel etc. Ferrous Alloys
e.g. stainless steel steel + chromium

Non-Ferrous Do not contain iron. e.g. aluminium, copper, silver, gold, lid, tin etc.

Alloys A mixture of metals, or a metal & small amount of other substance

Non-Ferrous Alloys
e.g. brass (copper + zinc) bronze (copper + tin )
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SHAPING OF METALS AND ALLOYS IN DENTISTRY

one of three methods Casting (Heating the material until it becomes molten Cold Working (Mechanical shaping of the metal at relatively low temperatures) Amalgamation (alloys mixed with mercury)
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SOLIDIFICATIONS OF METALS
Metals usually have crystalline structures in the solid state. Solidification process Molten metal or alloy
cooled

Crystallization initiated at specific sites (called nuclei)

Molten metal

Solid metal Solidification temperature or fusion temperature

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 Latent heat of solidification

During freezing or solidification, heat is released as metal changes from the higher energy liquid state to lower energy solid state this energy difference is known as latent heat of solidification/ heat of fusion.
During the supercooling process crystallization begins for the pure metals. Once the crystals begins to form, release of latent heat of fusion causes the temperature to rise where it remain until crystallization completed. Free Powerpoint Templates

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 Nuclei are generally formed from impurities within the molten mass of metal (Fig. 6.1a). Crystals grow as dendrites or spherulites (Fig. 6.1b). Crystal growth continues until all the material has solidified (Fig. 6.1c).

Each crystal is known as a grain and the area between two grains in contact is the grain boundary. Grain are said to have equiaxed grain structure. Free Powerpoint Templates

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CRYSTAL STRUCTURES
The atoms within each grain are arranged in a regular three-dimensional lattice.
Simple cubic (SC) Face centered cubic (FCC) Body centered cubic (BCC) Hexagonal close packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

Arrangements of atoms in crystal depends on

atomic radius charge distributions on the Free Powerpoint Templates atoms.
Hexagonal close packed (HCP)

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DEFECTS IN CRYSTAL PLANES

Occasional defects occur, two dimensionally such defects are normally referred as dislocations Grain boundaries form a natural barrier to the movement of dislocations. The plane along which the dislocation moves is called a slip plane and Stress required to initiate dislocation movement is the yield stress.
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GRAIN SIZE
The concentration of grain boundaries increases as the grain size decreases. Metals with finer grain structure rather than coarser grain structure are generally harder and have higher values of yield stress Grain size can be controlled by rate of cooling Rapid cooling (quenching)
More nuclei smaller /fine grain

Slow cooling
Fewer nuclei, larger/coarser grain Free Powerpoint Templates Page 15

 Some metals and alloys are said to have a refined grain structure.
Molten material + Additive metal
Nuclei for crystallization

fine grain structure

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COLD WORKING/ WORK HARDENING

For an applied tensile force the maximum degree of extension is a measure of the ductility of the metal or alloy. For an applied compressive force the maximum degree of compression is a measure of malleability. These changes occur when the stress is greater than the yield stress and at relatively low temperatures. Such cold working produces a change in microstructure, dislocations becoming concentrated at grain boundaries, Free Powerpoint Templates Page 17 change in grain shape (Equiaxed to fibrous)

 properties of the material becoming harder and stronger with a higher value of yield stress. The temperature below which work hardening is possible is termed the recrystallization temperature. Examples of cold working in dentistry include the following. The formation of wires The bending of wires or clasps The swaging of stainless steel denture bases.

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 Cold working may cause the formation of internal stresses within a metal object. If these stresses are gradually relieved they may cause distortion which could lead to loss of fit of, for example, an orthodontic appliance. For certain metals and alloys the internal stresses can be wholly or partly eliminated by using a low temperature heat treatment referred to as stress relief annealing.
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