REACTIVE POWER CONTROL AND EXCITATION SYSTEMS Deepti Gupta

M. Tech (PED) Department of Electrical Engineering School of Engineering & Technology Galgotias University
by

NEED OF REACTIVE POWER CONTROL

For efficient and reliable operation of power systems, the control of voltage and reactive power should satisfy the following objective. The reactive power flow is minimized so as to reduce losses. This ensure that the transmission system operates efficiently. System stability is enhanced to maximize utilization of the transmission system.

EXCITATION SYSTEM
The basic function of an excitation system is to provide direct current to the synchronous machine field winding. It performs control and protective function. The control function include the control of voltage and reactive power flow and enhance the system stability. The protective function ensure that the capability limits of the synchronous machine, excitation system are not exceeded.

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN EXCITATION SYSTEM

ELEMENT OF AN EXCITATION SYSTEM

EXCITER :- Provides dc power to the synchronous machine field Winding ,constituting the power stage of the excitation system. REGULATOR :- Processes and amplifier input control signals to a level and form appropriate for control of the exciter. VOLTAGE TRANSDUCER :- Senses generator terminal voltage, rectifiers and filters it to dc quantity and compares it with a reference. LIMITERS :- This ensure that the power capability of an exciter and generator are not exceeded. POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER:- Provides an additional input signals to the regulator to damp power system oscillations.

TYPES OF EXCITATION SYSTEM

DC excitation system AC excitation system Static excitation system

DC EXCITATION SYSTEM
The dc excitation system utilize dc generators as sources of excitation power and provide current to the rotor of the synchronous machine through slip rings. The exciter may be driven by a motor or the shaft of the generator. Magnetic amplifiers and rotating amplifiers are used as voltage regulators.

DC EXCITATION SYSTEM WITH AMPLIDYNE

AC EXCITATION SYSTEM
AC excitation system utilize alternators as source of main generator excitation power. The ac output of the exciter is rectified to by either controlled or non controlled rectifiers to produce the dc needed for the generator field. The rectifier may be rotating or stationary. Magnetic amplifiers ,rotating amplifiers and electronic amplifiers are used as voltage regulators. AC excitation system are of two types:1- Stationary rectifier system 2- Rotating rectifier system

STATIONARY RECTIFIER SYSTEM

With stationary rectifier ,the dc output is fed to the field winding of the main generator through slip rings. It can be classified as: Field controlled alternator rectifier excitation system Alternator supplied controlled rectifier excitation system

FIELD CONTROLED ALTERNATOR RECTIFIER EXCITATION SYSTEM

When non controlled rectifiers are used, the regulator controls the field of the AC exciter, which in turn controls the exciter output voltage. The alternator exciter is driven from the main generator rotor. The exciter is self exciter with its power derived through thyristor rectifiers. The voltage regulator derives its power from the exciter output voltage.

ALTERNATOR SUPPLIED CONTROLED RECTIFIER EXCITATION SYSTEM

When the controlled rectifier are used, the regulator directly controls the dc output voltage of the exciter. The voltage regulator controls the firing of the thyristors.

ROTATING RECTIFIER SYSTEM

With rotating rectifier, the need for slip rings and brushes is eliminated and the dc output is directly fed to the main generator field. The armature of the AC exciter and the diode rectifiers rotate with the main generator field. Brushless excitation system:- It was developed to avoid problems with the use of brushes. Brushless excitation system do not allow direct measurement of generator field current of voltage.

STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM

A components in these system are static or stationary. Static rectifiers controlled ll or uncontrolled, supply the excitation current directly to the field of the main synchronous generator through slip ring. The supply of power to the rectifiers is from the main generator through a transformer. It may be classified into three categories: Potential-source controlled rectifier system Compound source rectifier system Compound controlled rectifier system

POTENTIAL SOURCE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER SYSTEM

In this system, the excitation power is supplied through a transformer from the generator terminal and is regulated by a controlled rectifier. This is also known as a bus fed or transformer-fed static system. The exciter output voltage is dependent on the input ac voltage.

Compound source rectifier system

In this case, the power to the excitation system is formed by utilizing the current as well as the voltage of the main generator. The regulator controls the exciter output through controlled saturation of the excitation transformer. When the generator is not supplying a load, the armature current is zero and the potential source supplies the entire excitation power. Under loaded condition part of the excitation power is derived from the generator current.

Compound controlled rectifier system

This system utilizes controlled rectifiers in the exciter output circuits and the compounding of voltage and current derived sources within the generator stator to provide the excitation power.

CONCLUSIONS
AC excitation system is more simple then DC excitation system because in DC excitation amplidyne is used, so it is more complicated and costly. In static excitation system transformer is used, which have no rotating part so losses are reduced and more simple and cost is also reduced.

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