DATA Communications

DATA Communications
Engr. William C. Quiming
http://williamquiming.tripod.com
Data Communications
the process of transferring digital information between two or more points.
Data
information that has been processed and organized, it can be alphabetical, numeric, or symbolic information, including binary-coded alphanumeric symbols, microprocessor op-codes, control codes, user addresses, program data, or database information.
Brief History of Data Communications
Telegraph was invented and Samuel F.B. Morse developed Morse code in 1837 Emile Baudot invented a telegraph multiplexer, which allowed signals from up to six different telegraph equipments in 1874 Telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876
Standards Organizations

International Standards Organization (ISO) Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy (CCITT) American National Standards Intitute (ANSI) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Electronics Industries Association (EIA)
ISO
the international organization for standardization creates the sets of rules and standards for graphics, document exchange, and related technologies responsible for endorsing and coordinating the work of the other standards organizations
ITU-T (CCITT)
the standards organization for the United Nations and develops the recommended sets of rules and standards for telephone and telegraph communications developed three sets of specifications: the V series for modem interfacing, the X series for data communications, and the I and Q series for Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
ANSI
official standards agency for the United States US voting representative for ISO
IEEE
US professional organization of electronics, computer, and communications engineers
EIA
Developed the RS (recommended Standard) series of standards for data and telecommunications
Data Communications Circuits

Satellite microwave
Peripherals
Parallel Transmission
DTE UART/ USART
Serial Transmission
DTE UART/ USART
Host computer
DCE modem
DCE modem
Local terminals
Metallic, coaxial Or Optical fiber
Remote terminals
Simplified Block Diagram of a Data Communications Network
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)
A general term that describes the interface equipment used at the stations to adapt the digital signals from the computers and terminals to a form more suitable for transmission Any piece of equipment between the mainframe computer and the modem or the station equipment and its modem
Data Communications Equipment (DCE)
A general term that describes the equipment that converts digital signals to analog signals and interfaces the DTE to the analog transmission medium It is essentially a modem (modulator/demodulator)
Serial Data Transmission

There is a single transmission line used Only one bit is transmitted at one time It is often called serial-by-bit transmission Used for long distance communications
Serial Data Communications
No signal lines are used to convey clock (timing information) and handshake signals.
There are two methods (asynchronous and synchronous) in which timing information is encoded with the signal so that the sender and receiver are synchronized (working on the same data at the same time).
In asynchronous, each character is synchronized using a start and stop signal. In synchronous, each group or block of characters is synchronized using a synchronize flag.
Parallel Data Transmission
Each bit position of the data has its own transmission line It is called parallel-by-bit or serial-by-character transmission Used for short distance communications
Parallel Data Transmission

To transfer data on a parallel link, a separate line is used as a clock signal. This serves to inform the receiver when data is available.
In addition, another line may be used by the receiver to inform the sender that the data has been used, and its ready for the next data.
Data Communications Circuit Configurations
Two-point configuration involves only two locations or stations; e.g. the transfer of information between a mainframe computer and a remote computer terminal, two mainframe computers, or two remote computer terminals Multipoint configuration involves three or more stations or terminals; e.g. the interconnection of a single mainframe computer to many remote computer terminals
Data Communications Circuit Topologies

Point-to-point Star Bus/Multidrop Ring or Loop Mesh




Transmission Modes
Simplex (SX)
Transmission Modes
Half-Duplex (HDX)
Transmission Modes
Full-Duplex (FDX)
Transmission Modes
Full/Full-Duplex (FDX)
Two-Wire Operation
Involves a transmission medium that either uses two wires (a signal and a reference lead) or a configuration that is equivalent to having a two wires The transmit and receive signals must be in different frequency band
Four-Wire Operation
Involves a transmission medium that uses four wires or configuration that is equivalent to having four wires The signals propagating in opposite directions are physically separated The transmit and receive signals can be in the same frequency band or same frequency
Data Communications Codes
This refers to the way in which data is represented. The sender and receiver must use the same code in order to communicate properly. Are prescribed bit sequences used for encoding characters and symbols Other terms used are character sets, character
codes, symbol codes, or character language

Data Communications Codes

Three Types of Character used in data communication codes:
data link control characters
used to facilitate the orderly flow of data from a source to destination involves the syntax or presentation of the data at the received terminal used to represent the various symbols used for letters, numbers and punctuations used in English alphabet
graphic control characters
alphanumeric control characters
Data Communication Codes
Morse Code

the first data communication code uses three unequal-length symbols (dot, dash and space) to encode characters
Baudot Code
also known as the Telex code the first fixed-length character code a 5-bit character code used primarily for lowspeed teletype equipment developed by Thomas Murray in 1875 recommended by CCITT as International Alphabet No. 2 each character is preceded by a start bit, and followed by a stop bit. It is an asynchronous code, and thus suited for low speed data communication.
Baudot Code
Value
3 25
LTRS shift
A B
FIGS shift
?
Value
23 10
LTRS shift
Q R
FIGS shift
1 4
14
9 1 13 26 20 6 11 15 18 28 12 24 22
C
D E F G H I J K L M N O P
:
Who are u 3 ! & # 8 Bell ( ) . , 9 0
5
16 7 30 19 29 21 17 0 31 27 4 8 2
S
T U V W X Y Z BLANK LTRS FIGS SPACE CR LF
.
5 7 ; 2 / 6 " BLANK LTRS FIGS SPACE CR LF
ASCII Code
American Standard Code for Information Interchange recommended by CCITT as International Alphabet No. 5 a 7-bit character set which has 128 combinations.
EBCDIC Code
an 8-bit character code developed by IBM and used extensively on IBM compatible equipments Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code
Error Control

Error Detection Error Correction
Error Detection
the process of monitoring the received data and determining when a transmission error occurred its purpose is to prevent undetected errors from occurring
Error Detection
Redundancy
The transmission of each character or each message multiple times until it is properly received
Error Detection
Exact-Count Encoding
The number of 1s in each character is the same Example is the ARQ code which has three 1s in each character
Error Detection
Parity Checking
Uses one parity bit along with the data to force the number of 1s in the character the same Either odd or even parity Used with both LRC and VRC
Error Detection
Horizontal or Longitudinal Redundancy Checking (LRC)
Uses parity to determine if an error has occurred in a message The process of exclusive-ORing all the characters in a particular block of data Sometimes called message parity Detects between 95 to 98% of all transmission errors
Error Detection
Vertical Redundancy Check (LRC)
Uses parity to determine if an error has occurred within a character Sometimes called character parity
Error Detection
Cyclic Redundancy Checking (CRC)

The most reliable error detection scheme Approximately 99.95% of all transmission errors are detected The entire string of bits in a block of data are considered to be one large binary number which is divided by some preselected constant, the quotient resulting from the division is discarded and the remainder is retained CRC-16, International Standard, (V.41)
Error Correction
Symbol Substitution
If a character is received in error, a unique character that is undefined by the character code is substituted for the bad character, example of character is the reverse question mark ( ) Designed to be used in a human environment where a human is present to analyze the received data and make decisions on its integrity
Error Correction
Retransmission (ARQ)
Resending a message when it is received in error and the received terminal automatically calls for retransmission
Error Correction
Forward Error Correction (FEC)
Detects and corrects transmission errors at the receive end without calling for retransmission Bits are added to message prior to transmission The usual code used is the Hamming Code
Hamming Code
Dependent on the number of bits in the data character The number of Hamming bits that must be added to a character is determined by 2n m + n + 1 where
n = no. of Hamming bits m = no. of bits in the data character
Synchronization
1.
Asynchronous Data Format
Each character is framed between a start and a stop bit Idle conditions is identified by continuous transmission of 1s
Data ( 5 to 7 bits) parity 1/0 6 MSB 5 4 3 2 1 0 LSB 0 start
1 stop
1 bit
Synchronization
2.
Synchronous Data Format
A SYN character is transmitted at the beginning of each message ASCII (SYN character is 16H or 00010110) EBCDIC (SYN character is 32H or 00110010)
Data Communications Hardware
Line Control Unit (LCU)
At the primary station serves as an interface between the host computer and the circuits that it serves Directs the flow of input and output data between the data communications link and their respective applications program Performs parallel-to-serial and serial-to-parallel conversion of data Within the LCU, there is an Integrated Circuit that performs several of the LCUs functions. This circuit is called UART when asynchronous transmission is used and USRT when synchronous is used
UART
Functions of UART:
To perform serial-to-parallel and parallelto-serial conversion of data. To perform error detection by inserting and checking parity bits To insert and detect start and stop bits
USRT
Functions of USRT:
To perform serial-to-parallel and parallelto-serial conversion of data. To perform error detection by inserting and checking parity bits To insert and detect the SYN character
Serial Interfaces
To ensure an orderly flow of data between the line control unit and the modem Interface coordinates the flow of data, control signals and timing information between the DTE and the DCE
RS-232C

Specifies a 25-wire cable with a DB25P/DB25Scompatible connector The terminal load capacitance of the cable is specified as 2500 pF which includes cable capacitance The impedance at the terminating end must be between 3000 to 7000 The output impedance is greater than 300 Maximum bit rate of 20,000 bps The nominal maximum length is about 50 ft Pins are functionally categorized as ground data, control (handshaking), or timing pins.
RS-232C Voltage Specifications

Data pins
Logic 1 Logic 0 +5 to +15 +3 to +25 Control pins
Driver Terminator
-5 to -15 -3 to - 25
Enable on
Disable off
-5 to -15 -3 to -25
Driver Terminator
+5 to +15
+3 to +25
RS-232C Pin Functions

Unassigned pins 9, 10, 11, 18 and 25 Grounds 1 and 7 Data pins 2, 3, 14 and 16 Timing pins 15, 17 and 24 Control/Handshaking 4, 5, 6, 8, 12,
13, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23
RS-232C Pin Designations

Pin Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Protective ground Transmitted data Received data Request to send Clear to send Data set ready Signal ground Received line signal detect Unassigned Unassigned Unassigned Secondary received line signal detect Secondary clear to send Secondary transmitted data Transmission signal element timing Secondary received data Receiver signal element timing SRSLD SCS STD SCT SRD SCR DCE to DTE DCE to DTE DTE to DCE DCE to DTE DCE to DTE DCE to DTE EIA nomenclature GWG TD, SD RD RS, RTS CS, CTS DSR, MR GND RLSD,CD DCE to DTE Common acronym NONE DTE to DCE DCE to DTE DTE to DCE DCE to DTE DCE to DTE Direction
RS-232C Pin Designations

Pin Number 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 EIA nomenclature Unassigned Secondary request to send Data terminal ready Signal quality detector Ring indicator Data signal rate selector Transmit signal element timing Unassigned SRS DTR SQD RI DSRS SCTE DTE to DCE DTE to DCE DCE to DTE DCE to DTE DTE to DCE DTE to DCE Common acronym Direction
RS-232C Pin Descriptions
Pin 1 protective ground. This pin is frame ground and is used for protection
against electrical shock. Pin 1 should be connected to a ground at one end of the cable (either at the DTE or the DCE, but not at both ends). Pin 2 transmit data. Serial data on the primary channel from the DTE to the DCE are transmitted on this pin. TD is enabled by an active condition on the CS pin. Pin 3 received data. Serial data on the primary channel are transferred from the DCE to the DTE on this pin. RD is enabled by an active condition on the RLSD pin. Pin 4 request to send. The DTE bids for the primary communication channel from this pin. An active condition on RS turns on the modems analog carrier. The analog carrier is modulated by a unique bit pattern called a training sequence which is used to initialize the communication channel and synchronize the receive modem. RS cannot go active unless pin 6 is active. Pin 5 clear to send. This signal is a handshake from the DCE to the DTE in response to an active condition on the request to send. CS enables the TD pin. Pin 6 data set ready. On this pin the DCE indicates the availability of the channel. Pin 7 signal ground. This pin is the signal reference for all the data, control, and timing pins. Pin 8 receive line signal detect. The DCE uses this pin to signal the DTE when the DCE is receiving an analog carrier on the primary data channel. RSLD http://williamquiming.tripod.com enables the RD pin.
Pin 12 secondary receive line signal detect. This pin is active
when the DCE is receiving an analog carrier on the secondary channel. SRLSD enables the SRD pin. Pin 13 secondary clear to send. This pin is used by the DCE to send a handshake to the DTE in response to an active condition on the secondary request to send pin. SCS enables the STD pin. Pin 14 secondary transmit data. Diagnostic data are transferred from the DCE to the DTE on this pin. STD is enabled by an active condition on the SCS pin. Pin 15 transmission signal element timing. Transmit clocking signals are sent from the DCE to the DTE on this pin. Pin 16 secondary receive data. Diagnostic data are transferred from the DCE to the DTE on this pin. SRD is enabled by an active condition on the SCS pin. Pin 17 receive signal element timing. Received clocking signals are sent from the DCE to the DTE on this pin. The clock frequency is equal to the bit rate of the primary data channel.

Pin 19 secondary request to send. The DTE bids for the
secondary communications channel from the DCE on this pin. Pin 20 data terminal ready. The DTE sends information to the DCE on this pin concerning the availability of the data terminal equipment. DTR is used primarily with dial-up data communications circuits to handshake with RI. Pin 21 signal quality detector. The DCE sends signal to the DTE on this pin that reflect the quality of the received analog carrier. Pin 22 ring indicator. This pin is used for dial-up lines for the DCE to signal the DTE that there is an incoming call. Pin 23 data signal rate selector. The DTE uses this pin to select the transmission bit rate of the DCE. Pin 24 transmit signal element timing. Transmit clocking signals are sent from the DTE to the DCE on this pin when the master clock oscillator is located in the DTE.
Mechanical Standards
Female connector is connected to DCE and male connector to DTE. Short cables of less than 15 meters (50 feet) are recommended. The pin assignments detailed above must be used.
Electrical Standards
All circuits carry bi-polar low-voltage signals, measured at the connector with respect to signal ground (AB), and may not exceed 25 volts. Signals are valid in the range 3 volts to 25 volts. Signals within the range -3 volts to +3 volts are considered invalid. For data lines, binary 1 (a high) is represented by -3 volts to -25 volts, whilst binary 0 is +3 volts to +25 volts. For control lines, OFF is represented by -3 volts to 25 volts, whilst binary 0 is +3 volts to +25 volts.
Something to think about

You have connected an external modem to a computer using an RS232 cable. After loading the application software, it reports "Modem is not turned on". You check, and find the modem is turned on. Gaining access to a multi-meter device, which is used to read the state of pins on the RS232 connection, which pin do you think you should check to verify that the modem is turned on?.
How to Exchange Information between a DCE and a DTE?

Transmitting Data (DTE to DCE)
1.
2. 3. 4.
Assert DTR and RTS Wait for DSR Wait for CTS Transmit the data
Step 1 and 2 are essential to ensure that the modem is on-line and connected to another modem. Waiting for DSR checks that the modem is on-line.
How to Exchange Information between a DCE and a DTE?

Receiving Data (DCE to DTE)
1. 2. 3.
Assert DTR Wait for DSR Receive the data
Designing a Null Modem
Connecting two DTE together

RS232D (9-Pin Connector)

SIGNAL Carrier Detect Receive Data Transmit Data Data Terminal Ready Signal Ground Data Set Ready Request To Send Clear To Send Ring Indicator
PIN No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
RS-449A Connector

Updated version of the RS-232C interface Outline only the mechanical and functional specifications of the cable and connectors Specifies two cables: one with 37 wires used for serial data transmission and one with 9 wires that is used for secondary diagnostic information
RS-449A Primary Channel Designation

Pin number
1 2 3, 21 4,22
Mnemonic
None SI None SD Shield Signaling rate indicator Spare Send data
Circuit name
5,23
6,24 7,25 8,26 9,27 10
ST
RD RS RT CS LL
Send timing
Receive data Request to send Receive timing Clear to send Local loopback
11,29
12,30 13,31 14 15 16 17,23
DM
TR RR RL IC SF/SR TT
Data mode
Terminal ready Receiver ready Remote loop back Incoming call Select frequency /signaling rate Terminal timing
RS-449A Primary Channel Designation

Pin number
18 19 20 28 32 33 34 36 37
Mnemonic
TM SG RC IS SS SQ NS SB SC Test mode Signal ground Receive common Terminal in service Select standby Signal quality New signal Standby indicator Send common
Circuit name
RS449A Diagnostic Channel Pin Designations

Pin number
1 2 3 4 5
Mnemonic
None SRR SSD SRD SG Shield
Circuit name
Secondary receiver ready Secondary send data Secondary receive data Signal ground
6
7 8 9
RC
SRS SCS SC
Receive common
Sec. request to send Secondary clear to send Send common
CCITT X.21 Interface
Presumes a direct digital connection to a digital telephone network The minimum data rate is 64 kbps
Interchange circuit
G GA
Name
Signal ground DTE common return
Direction
DTE to DCE
T
R C I
Transmit
Receive Control Indication
DTE to DCE
DCE to DTE DTE to DCE DCE to DTE
S
B
Signal element timing

Byte timing
DCE to DTE
DCE to DTE
Transmission Lines
Direct Distance Dialing (DDD)
Commonly called dial-up lines Data links are established through the DDD network use common usage equipment and facilities Preferred when there are a large number of subscriber in a network or there is a small volume of data traffic Guaranteed to meet the minimum requirements for voice band communications circuit Limited to two-wire operation
Transmission Lines
Private Line
(Dedicated or Leased Lines)
A subscriber has a permanent dedicated communications link 24 hours a day Preferred for limited-access networks when there is a large volume of data throughput Communication link can be improved by adding amplifiers and equalizers to the circuit, this is called conditioning the line. Can operate on either a two- or four-wire.
Data Modems
To interface the digital terminal equipment to an analog communications channel Also called a DCE, a dataset, a dataphone, or simply a modem
Data Modems

Classifications according to Speed
Low-speed modem below 2000 bps Medium-speed modem 2400 to 4800 bps High-speed modem 9600 bps and above
Asynchronous Modems

Used for low-speed dial-up circuits Examples are the 202T and 101 modems
202T Asynchronous Modem

A four-wire full-duplex modem Input bit rate of 1200 bps Uses FSK digital modulation Uses 1700 Hz center frequency For logic 1, fc = 1700 500 Hz = 1200 Hz For logic 0, fc = 1700 + 500 Hz = 2200 Hz
103 Asynchronous Modem

Capable of full-duplex operation over a twowire line at bit rates up to 300 bps There are two data channels each with separate space and mark frequencies
Low-band channel occupies a pass band from 300 to 1650 Hz; fm = 1270; fs = 1070 Hz High-band channel occupies a pass band from 1650 to 3000 Hz; fm = 2225 Hz and fs = 2025 Hz
Commonly called the originate channel
Modulation index is 0.67
Commonly called the answer channel
Figure of Merits for Modems

h
where
fm fs bps
fm = mark frequency bps = input bit rate fs = space frequency

h = 0.83
For 202T modem:
Synchronous Modems

Used for medium- and high-speed data Use either PSK and QAM modulation
QPSK is used with 2400-bps modem and 8-PSK is used with 4800-bps modem QPSK has a bandwidth efficiency of 2 bps/Hz Examples 201C modem (2400 bps) uses a 1600-Hz carrier, spectrum (1000 to 2200 Hz) 208A modem (4800 bps) uses a 1600-Hz carrier, spectrum (800 to 2400 Hz)
Medium-speed modems
High-speed modems
Uses 16-QAM modulation Example 209A modem (9600 bps) uses a 1650-Hz carrier, spectrum (450 to 2850 Hz)
SMART Modems
This is a standard modem with a microprocessor to provide both data communications and automatic dialing in the one unit. These modems offer a range of features, auto dial, the modem can seize the phone line and dial a number auto answer, the modem can answer an incoming call auto fallback, the modem can use a lower speed if the line is noisy accept commands, the modem can be reconfigured
V Series
V Series Standard
V.22 V.22 bis V.23
(Modem Standards)
Details
1200bps full duplex 2 wire dial-up for use in general telephone networks 2400bps dial-up or 2 wire leased line 600/1200bps dial-up for use in general telephone networks
V.26 bis
V.27 V.27 bis V.27 ter V.29 V.32 V.32 bis V.33 V.34 V.34 Enhanced V.35
2400/1200bps dial-up for use in general telephone networks

4800bps leased line 4800/2400bps leased line with automatic adaptive equalizer 4800/2400bps dial-up for use in general telephone networks 9600bps leased line 9600bps dial-up for use in general telephone networks 14400bps dial-up for use in general telephone networks or leased line, synchronous or asynchronous full-duplex 14000bps over 4 wire leased line, synchronous full-duplex 28800bps dial-up for use in general telephone networks or leased line, synchronous or asynchronous full-duplex 33600bps dial-up for use in general telephone networks or leased line, synchronous or asynchronous full-duplex 48Kbps using 60-108Khz group-band circuits
Modem Synchronization
Uses a sequence of bits called the
training sequence
Functions of the Training Sequence

Verify continuity (activate RLSD) Initializes the descrambler circuits. Initializes the automatic equalizer. Synchronizes the transmitter and receiver carrier and clock oscillators. Disable any echo suppressors in the circuit. Establish the gain of any AGC amplifiers in the circuit.
END

DATA Communications

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

DATA Communications

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DATA Communications

Engr. William C. Quiming

the process of transferring digital information between two or more points.

Brief History of Data Communications

US professional organization of electronics, computer, and communications engineers

Data Communications Circuits

Metallic, coaxial Or Optical fiber

Simplified Block Diagram of a Data Communications Network

Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)

Data Communications Equipment (DCE)

Serial Data Transmission

Serial Data Communications

Serial Data Communications

Serial Data Communications

Serial Data Communications

Parallel Data Transmission

Parallel Data Transmission

Data Communications Circuit Configurations

Data Communications Circuit Topologies

Point-to-point Star Bus/Multidrop Ring or Loop Mesh

Data Communications Circuit Topologies

Point-to-point Star Bus/Multidrop Ring or Loop Mesh

Data Communications Circuit Topologies

Point-to-point Star Bus/Multidrop Ring or Loop Mesh

Data Communications Circuit Topologies

Point-to-point Star Bus/Multidrop Ring or Loop Mesh

Data Communications Circuit Topologies

Point-to-point Star Bus/Multidrop Ring or Loop Mesh

Data Communications Codes

codes, symbol codes, or character language

Data Communications Codes

data link control characters

graphic control characters

alphanumeric control characters

Data Communication Codes

Data Communication Codes

Data Communication Codes

Data Communication Codes

Data Communication Codes

Error Detection Error Correction

Horizontal or Longitudinal Redundancy Checking (LRC)

Vertical Redundancy Check (LRC)

Cyclic Redundancy Checking (CRC)

Forward Error Correction (FEC)

Asynchronous Data Format

Synchronous Data Format

Data Communications Hardware

Line Control Unit (LCU)

RS-232C Voltage Specifications

RS-232C Pin Functions

RS-232C Pin Designations

RS-232C Pin Designations

RS-232C Pin Descriptions

RS-232C Pin Descriptions

Pin 12 secondary receive line signal detect. This pin is active

RS-232C Pin Descriptions

Pin 19 secondary request to send. The DTE bids for the

Something to think about

How to Exchange Information between a DCE and a DTE?

How to Exchange Information between a DCE and a DTE?

Assert DTR Wait for DSR Receive the data

Designing a Null Modem

Connecting two DTE together