ChapLer 10

Modes of 1ransportat|on
lL ls lnLeresLlng Lo sLudy modes of
LransporLaLlon speclflcally because of Lhe
varleLles of modes wlLhln each mode and
varlous beneflLs assoclaLed wlLh Lhem
W nternat|ona| ocean transportat|on
W ccordlng Lo one classlflcaLlon Lhere are Lwo
Lypes of shlps
W Llner shlps and
W 1ramp shlps
1 |ner sh|ps
W Llner shlps underLake regular voyages
W 1hey follow a pre esLabllshed schedule
W 1hey call on pre deLermlned porLs
W 1he scheduled Lrlp could be beLween polnL Lo polnL or 81W
(round Lhe world)
W 1hey are elLher easL bound or wesL bound passlng Lhrough
panama canal or Suez canal
W uependlng upon Lhe rouLe Lhey underLake Lhere are many Lypes
of llner shlps
W Slze and equlpmenL depend upon Lhe Lype of porL Lhey vlslL
W 1ype of vessel also dependlng upon Lhe speclflc cargo lL carrles ln
a parLlcular rouLe
W Shlps are also classlfled by Lhelr slze whlch ls expressed ln Lons
W 1ramp sh|ps
W 1ramp shlp operaLes dependlng on Lhe requlremenL and
dynamlcs of Lhe markeL
W 1hey do noL operaLe on a regular schedule
W lL moves wherever Lhe company uslng Lhe vessel wanLs
Lhe cargo dellvered
W 8ecause of Lhe way Lhey operaLe Lramp shlps usually
carry only one Lype of cargo aL a Llme for one exporLer
or lmporLer
W lor our undersLandlng a Lramp shlp can be called as a
Laxl servlce and llner shlp can be Lermed as publlc bus
servlce
W noLher dlsLlncLlon beLween shlps can be made based
on Lhe slze
W Shlps LhaL can Lravel Lhrough Lhe locks of panama canal
and Lhe ones LhaL cannoL
W shlp LhaL can posslbly flL Lhrough Lhe locks of Lhe
canal ls called a anamax shlp
W Such a shlp can have up Lo 73000 Lons of dead welghL
Lonnage and lLs ouLslde dlmenslons allow [usL Lo flL lnLo
Lhe locks of Lhe canal
W 1he largesL shlp Lo cross panama canal ls 730 feeL long
and 100 feeL wlde
W ll Lhe shlps LhaL are bullL larger Lhan Lhls slze are
called posL anamax shlps
Lher Lermlnologles LhaL we come across
lnclude
W 1 ezmax sh|ps
W 1hls Lerm ls used generally Lo Lhe shlps slzed aL
approxlmaLely 130000 dead welghL Lons and
whlch are of Lhe maxlmum slze LhaL can be flL
Lhrough Suez canal
W 2 ape s|ze sh|ps
W 1he Lerm ls used Lo descrlbe large dry bulk
carrlers of a capaclLy greaLer Lhan 80000 dead
welghL Lons
3 Iery |arge crde carr|er
W 1hls Lerm ls used Lo descrlbe an oll Lanker up Lo
300000 Lons dead welghL Lonnage 1haL means Lhe slze
of Lhe shlp wlll be 1130feeL long180 feeL wlde and 92
feeL of drafL
4 D|tra |arge crde carr|er
W 1hls Lerm ls used Lo descrlbe an oll Lanker of more Lhan
300000 dead welghL Lonnage ne of Lhe largesL uLCC
ls 1360 feeL long207 feeL wlde and a drafL of 113 feeL
1haL represenLs a surface of 23 hecLares and an area of
63 acres
L Lhls [uncLure lL ls necessary Lo have some lnslghL on
Lonnage facLor
ead we|ght tonnage or J1
W uead welghL Lonnage ls Lhe LoLal capaclLy of Lhe shlp LhaL means
Lhe maxlmum welghL of Lhe cargo LhaL a vessel can carry
W lL can be expressed ln long Lons(2240 lbs)or meLrlc
Lons(22406lbs)
W lL ls Lhe measuremenL used by Lhe companles ln shlpplng Lhe
cargo and ofLen referred as Lonnage
W lL ls measured uslng Lhe welghL of Lhe dlfference ln waLer
dlsplacemenL when Lhe shlp ls empLy and when lL ls fully loaded
Lo lLs maxlmum
W 1he dead welghL Lonnage lncludes Lhe bunker and sLores
a) 8unker means Lhe fuel LhaL needs for Lhe shlp Lo Lravel
b) nd sLores means Lhe supplles LhaL lL needs Lo funcLlon
eg|stered tonnage
W 1he gross reglsLered Lonnage ls Lhe LoLal volume capaclLy of Lhe
shlp expressed ln hundreds of cublc feeL lL only measures Lhe
capaclLy of Lhe shlp below Lhe deck and does noL lnclude Lhe cargo
carrled on above Lhe deck 1hls measuremenL ls used generally Lo
deLermlne how much Lax a shlp owner wlll have Lo pay Lo Lhe
counLry ln whlch Lhe shlp ls reglsLered or Lo Lhe auLhorlLles of Lhe
porLs lL vlslLs or Lo Lhe auLhorlLles of Lhe canals lL uses
W neL reglsLered Lonnage means one has Lo deleLe Lhe volume
occupled by englne room Lhe crew and oLher space necessary for
Lhe goods operaLlon
W |sp|acement tonnage
W ulsplacemenL Lonnage ls Lhe LoLal welghL of Lhe shlp when fully
loaded measured by Lhe welghL of Lhe volume of waLer lL
dlsplaces
W |ght tonnage
W lL ls Lhe welghL of Lhe shlp measured measured as above when
Lhe vessel ls empLy 8oLh are measured generally ln long Lons
W 1he above measuremenLs are used for naval archlLecLural
purposes ln order Lo deLermlne Lhe vessels sLablllLy Lhe sLress lL
endures and oLher englneerlng lssues
llmsoll llnes
W 8efore undersLandlng pllmsoll llnes we have Lo undersLand Lhe
Lerm drafL
W urafL means when Lhe shlp ls fully loaded how deep Lhe shlp slLs
ln Lhe waLer
W 1he deepesL a shlp can slL ls called a Lroplcal llne
W lL ls followed by summer llne wlnLer llne and wlnLer norLh
LlanLlc llne
W lresh waLer llne ls Lhe llne where ln shlp wlll slL lower ln fresh
waLer Lhan lL would ln salL waLer wlLh Lhe same quanLlLy of cargo
W ll Lhese llnes are palnLed on Lhe hull and forms a dlagram called
Lhe pllmsoll mark 1he dead welghL Lonnage ls generally
deLermlned aL Lhe summer llne or aL Lhe llne LhaL represenLs
accuraLely Lhe condlLlons under whlch a shlp ls used
W s per avallable daLa nearly 43000 are movlng world wlde almosL
every shlp ls deslgned dlfferenLly
lL ls very dlfflculL Lo classlfy Lhe shlps Lhan
undersLandlng Lhem ln broad based groups
1 ConLalner shlps
W s per avallable shlpplng sLaLlsLlcal sources 60 of Lhe
world Lrade ls only Lhrough conLalners and Lhe volume ls
growlng approxlmaLely around 9per year
W ConLalner shlps are also known as box shlps
W Cenerally Lhey Lake up schedule voyage
W ConLalner vessels carry up Lo 6600 1Lus LwenLy fooL
equlvalenL unlLs (20 fL lengLh x 8fL wldLh x 9fL helghL)
W ConLalner shlps can offload Lhelr cargo or boxes elLher
Lhrough cranes from Lhe porL or Lhrough on board
cranes
conLlnuaLlon
W ConLalner shlps wlLh 8000 1Lu s are expecLed Lo be common ln
Lhe ensulng decade eople are plannlng Lo bulld shlps whlch
carry up Lo 180001Lus whlch make Lhe shlps Lo vlslL very selecLed
porLs ln fuLure
W 1hls developmenL brlngs Lo anoLher classlflcaLlon of moLher and
feeder vessels When Lhe shlp ls blg enough and porL does noL
have enough faclllLy Lo accommodaLe lL lL has Lo depend on
oLher small vessels whlch can carry Lhe boxes Lo Lhe porL Lhe
small vessels are Lermed as feeder vessels and Lhe larger ones as
moLher vessels
W ConLalners can be sLacked under deck as well as on deck
W ne of Lhe laLesL happenlngs ln conLalner Lrade ls Lhe concepL of
lnLroduclng fasL shlps whlch carry 1300 1Lus aL one sLreLch across
aLlanLlc ocean ln 33 days
2 8oll on /8oll off shlps
W 88 shlps were creaLed Lo accommodaLe cargo LhaL was self
propelled such as auLomoblles Lrucks or cargo LhaL could be
wheeled lnLo shlp 1hey are essenLlally floaLlng parklng garages
88 shlps can have a porLlon of Lhe hull elLher ln Lhe fronL slde
or rear slde whlch can be opened and acLs as a ramp on whlch
vehlcles can be drlven before belng parked on Lhe many decks on
Lhe shlp and secured wlLh chalns
W 88 shlps has an advanLage LhaL lL need noL have Lo use
addlLlonal equlpmenL Lo carry loads and heavler loads also can be
propelled on Lhelr own 1here are purely car carrylng 88 shlps
Lo Lrue 88 shlps whlch carry varylng Lypes of cargo noLher
lnLeresLlng and lmporLanL feaLure ls LhaL some of Lhe 88 shlps
have even movable and ad[usLable decks
ConLlnuaLlon
W s Lhe car manufacLurers are lncreaslng all over Lhe world lL
appears LhaL 88 shlps wlll have lLs fuLure secured Powever
88 requlres Lhe servlces of sLevedores a loL Lo load and
unload Lhe cargo whlch ls cosLlng a loL Lo Lhe exporLers/
lmporLers LfforLs are on Lhe fasL Lrack LhaL manufacLurers of
conLalners are plannlng Lo accommodaLe 6 Lo 12 cars ln a
conLalner whlch can be collapslble and ln reLurn [ourney Lhe
same can acL as a normal conLalner 1here fore Lhe boLheraLlon
of reLurn cargo once Lhe cars were unloaded and non fulfllmenL
of Lhe space does noL arlse lf Lhls developmenL comes ln fuLure
whlch ls more llkely Lhe 88 shlp has Lo be converLed lnLo
181 n 181 ll shlps by LransporLlng llve sLock
reak b|k sh|ps
W 1hey consLlLuLe Lhe leasL homogeneous caLegory of shlps 8reak
bulk shlps are mulLl purpose shlps 1hey can LransporL shlpmenLs
of unusual slzes unlLlzed ln palleLs bags or ln craLes 8ecause of
lLs naLure each cargo has Lo be handled separaLely So loadlng and
unloadlng 8oLh on board and on quay lncludlng crane operaLors
make Lhe cosL of break bulk cargo as labour lnLenslve acLlvlLy Slnce
each cargo ls a dlfferenL one lL may requlre dlfferenL equlpmenLs
W SomeLlmes one requlre careful plannlng and problem solvlng
aLLempLs Lo load and unload cargo whlch Lakes careful plannlng
and one or Lwo aLLempLs before loadlng or unloadlng Slmllarly Lhe
shlp has Lo sLay ln Lhe porL more Llme preclsely because of varlous
Lypes of cargo cargo cannoL be loaded durlng raln and Lhe
schedules auLomaLlcally wlll be erraLlc
W s conLalnerlsaLlon ls lncreaslng Lhe lmporLance of break bulk
cargo ls comlng down drasLlcally
omb|nat|on sh|ps
W 1he ulLlmaLe mulLlpurpose shlps whlch were deslgned Lo handle
varleLles of cargo of dlfferenL loads ln a slngle voyage are known as
comblnaLlon shlps
W Lyplcal comblnaLlon shlp wlll have several holds ln whlch bulk
cargo such as graln can be placed
W 1he same holds can also be used Lo keep break bulk cargo of
dlfferenL dlmenslons machlnery and some Llmes even conLalners
W lL wlll have a Leen dock whlch ls below Lhe maln dock whlch
accommodaLes smaller break bulk and vehlcles LhaL are loaded
Lhrough 88
W n Lhe maln deck Lhey generally carry conLalners Cenerally
comblnaLlon shlps wlll have on board cranes Lo faclllLaLe loadlng
and unloadlng aL fasLer pace ln varlous desLlnaLlons
|ghter aboard sh|p( sh|ps)
W 1he concepL ls slmllar Lo a conLalner shlp
W lL carrles sLandardlzed unlLs of cargo unlLs of cargo are much larger each wlLh
a capaclLy of 383 meLrlc Lons of dead welghL Lonnage Slnce Lhese unlLs can also
floaL Lhey are also known as LSP barges
W 1helr dlmenslons are 18 meLers long and9 meLers wlde and Lhree meLers deep
W Lach barge ls covered wlLh a haLch cover and ls waLer LlghL
W 1he capaclLy of a average LSP shlp ls abouL 80 barges and ls known as LSP
moLher shlp
W 1he maln advanLage for Lhese shlps ls Lhe floaLlng barges Shlpper can load
Lhese barges ln Lo Lhe shlp along wlLh hls cargo wlLh Lhe help of cranes even
when Lhe shlp ls aL anchor LhaL ls wlLhouL havlng Lo be docked
W lL ls very useful when Lhe porL does noL have faclllLy Lo dock Lhe shlp and when
waLers are shallow Lhe barges cab be Laken near Lo Lhe shlp because of Lhelr
floaLlng naLure and can be loaded on Lo Lhe shlps
rde carr|ers
W Shlps LhaL are dedlcaLed Lo Lhe LransporL of peLroleum producLs
wheLher reflned or un reflned are called crude carrlers
W shlps LhaL are deslgned Lo carry one peLroleum producL are some
Llmes called producL carrlers
W 1he largesL shlps ln Lhe world are crude carrlers crude carrlers up
Lo 80000uW1 are known as aframax crude carrlers up Lo
300000uW1 are known as very large crude carrlers (vLCC) and
crude carrlers beyond Lhls Lonnage are known as ulLra large crude
carrlers(uLCC)
W ln a number of cases vLCC and uLCC do noL enLer a porL buL sLay
aL anchor ouLslde of Lhe porL ln deep waLers 1he oll cargo of Lhe
large crude carrler ls Lhen Lransferred ln Lo smaller crude carrlers
LhaL Lhen LransporL lL and unload lL lnLo Lhe porL 1hls process ls
called llghLerlng
ryb|k carr|ers
W ury bulk carrlers operaLe on Lhe same basls as oll
Lankers
W 1hey have several holds ln Lhelr hull ln whlch non
unlLlzed cargo ls placed
W Cenerally speaklng dry bulk shlps carry agrlculLural
producLs such as cereals and oLher producLs llke coal
ore scrap lron eLc
W 8ecause of Lhe versaLlllLy of Lhe cargo Lhey carry Lhey
are also known as 8 carrlers 8ecause of Lhe facL
LhaL Lhey carry ore oll producLs and oll ln bulk 1hese
vessels are smaller ln slze and carry around
10000uW1
W
as carr|ers
W noLher lmporLanL bulk Lrade ls Lhe LransporLaLlon of
llquefled naLural gas and of llquefled peLroleum gas
W 1hese Lype of carrlers wlll have a dlsLlncLlve shape
W 1hese shlps hold several spheres of compressed
gases only parL of whlch are vlslble above Lhelr maln
deck
W 1he LnC and LC Lrades Lend Lo be sllghLly dlfferenL
Lhan Lhe average bulk LransporL as Lhey are used ln a
parLlcular Lrade for long perlods of Llme on long Lerm
conLracLs called Llme charLer parLles and Lherefore
nearly have a salllng schedule
harter|ng
W merchanL who wanLs Lo shlp bulk quanLlLles would
charLer or hlre a Lramp shlp
W 1he merchanL who hlres ls known as a charLerer
W s a greaL deal of money ls pald as hlre charges for each
day Lhe shlp owner and Lhe charLerer employ speclallsLs
called a shlp broker and charLerers' agenL respecLlvely
Lo survey Lhe markeL negoLlaLe Lhe raLe and Lo
conclude Lhe deallng
W 1he cosL of charLerlng depends on supply and demand
poslLlon because of free compeLlLlon ln Lhe markeL
W ConLracLs of hlrlng shlps can be of dlfferenL
forms
W 1lme charLer
W voyage charLer
W uemlse charLer
W 11lme charLer
W 1he shlp ls charLered as a funcLlonlng operaLlng unlL for a perlod
of Llme 1he charLerer pays Lhe hlre money and Lhe shlp LransporL
cargo wherever Lhe charLerer wlshes
W 2voyage charLer
W 1he shlp ls charLered Lo carry cargo on speclfled voyage beLween
places
W 3uemlse charLer
W lso known as bare boLLom charLer normally a shlp owner or a
prospecLlve shlp owner prefers Lhls meLhod under Lhls Lhe shlp ls
charLered as a hull 1he charLerer wlll have Lo equlp Lhe shlp wlLh
personnel fuel and oLher necesslLles and operaLe Lhe shlp 1hls
charLer ls usually for a longer perlod say for abouL flve years or
more
-on vesse| operat|ng common carr|ers(-I%
W lL ls anoLher Lype of shlpplng company where ln Lhey do noL own
and operaLe shlps
W nvCC operaLe by purchaslng space on a shlp on a glven voyage
and by selllng Lhls space Lo companles LhaL need Lo shlp cargo
W 1he shlpplng llne geLs pald for Lhe space and welghL wheLher or
noL Lhe nvCC fllls lLs allocaLlon Lhe nvCC only makes money
by reselllng Lhe space aL a hlgher raLe Lhan Lhe one aL whlch lL ls
purchased
W lncldenLally Lhey also can acL as cargo consolldaLors speclally LCL
cargo
W Slmllarly Lhese consolldaLors purchase block of seaLs ln on an
alrplane and resell Lhem Lo lndlvlduals generally Lhrough
dlscounL Lravel agencles
1hank you