LAN 1003: MALAYSIAN STUDIES

CHAPTER 1: HISTORY & POLITICS 1.2 WESTERN COLONIZATION

WESTERN COLONIZATION
3 parties: Portugese, Dutch, British Reason for colonization: Natural resources (tin & timber) Cheap labour Trading spices, wares, etc. Land for plantation esp. for rubber trees. Spreading Christianity

a)

b)
c) d)

e)

WESTERN COLONIZATION
COLONIST PORTUEGESE DURATION NOTES 1511-1641 -Mainly in Malacca (130 YEARS) -Was opposed by the Malays of Malacca with the aid of Acheh -Did not leave behind many traces, except in the areas of language (borrowed and dances) 1641-1824 -Mainly in Malacca (183 YEARS) -Did not leave many traces, focused on colonizing Indonesia -Was opposed by the Malays who frequently received help from the Bugis

DUTCH

BRITISH

(1824-1957) >130 YEARS

-Colonized the whole of peninsula Malaysia: Two Phases -Left behind significant influence on the way of the life of the people (political, economic and social) -Was strongly opposed by the countrys population

SIAMESE

1821-1909 (88 YEARS)

-Was for a long time lord of the states in the north of the Malay Peninsula -Stayed mainly in the Northern states of the Malay Peninsula namely Perlis, Kedah and Kelantan -Traces of influence very evident in the states in the North especially in the areas of religion (Buddhist) and art

JAPANESE

1942-1945 -Colonized the entire country (3 YEARS) -Greatly influenced the life of the people, especially in terms of relations between the races -was opposed by the whole country

PORTUGESE
Conquered Malacca in 1511. The fall of Malacca was due to Internal conflicts between rulers Political conflicts Corrupted nobles Disloyal merchants Weak administration

a) b) c)

d)
e)

PORTUGESE
Under the administrative of a captain. 1571 title changed to Governor. Introduced too Chief Judge (Justice) & Captain General (Defence). Still maintained the old admin. system. Bendahara (Prime Minister) Temenggung (Police Chief) Syahbandar (Finance Minister) Laksamana (Marine Chief)

a) b) c) d)

PORTUGESE

1511 Arrival of Portuguese to Malacca

PORTUGESE
Portugese became greedy, asked 6 10% value of goods from ships sailed through Malacca. Forced traders to sell trade cheaply & sell back expensively. Letter of Permission was required to trade in Malacca.

PORTUGESE
Johore & Acheh attacked Malacca, traders avoid & fall to Dutch in 1641. Portugese left their descendants, Fort A-Famosa, Roman Catholic religion, language & culture. Finally left after 130 years in Malacca.

KELENGKAPAN PERSENJATAAN PORTUGIS

DUTCH EMPIRE (1641-1824)

DUTCH
Successfully conquered Malacca with the help from Johore (Sultan Abdul Jalil). Grateful with help from Johore. Signed an agreement in 1639 with Johore allow free trade. Dutch then tried to spread their authority to other parts.

DUTCH
Tried to monopolize tin trade from Perak. Perak signed agreement. People of Perak unhappy. 1690 - Panglima Kutup Ali attacked Dutch settlement in Pangkor Island. Selangor also signed agreement. Forced Sultan Ibrahim to sell tin.

DUTCH
Broke relationship between Johore & Dutch. Dutch unhappy with monopoly from Johore. 1782 Dutch attacked Riau. Sultan Ibrahim angry & attacked Dutch with help of Rembau (Neg. Sembilan).

DUTCH
Raja Haji (Yamtuan Muda Johor) helped Sultan Ibrahim. Attack failed & Raja Haji died in 1784. Dutch & Selangor continued fighting till 1786. Dutch also threatened Johore by agreement (1784). Forced Sultan Mahmud Shah III surrender Riau & Johore must under Dutch although Sultan is ruler.

DUTCH
Sultan Mahmud became angrier when Dutch sent a Resident to Riau. Johore took offensive against Riau settlement in 1878. However, Dutch took over Riau again.

MALACCA UNDER DUTCH RULED

DUTCH MILITARY WEAPONS

DUTCH BATTLE SHIP

BRITISH EMPIRE

BRITISH EMPIRE

BRITISH EMPIRE

BRITISH
Began from Penang with Francis Light. End of 18th century British build influence. British transformed Penang into army camp & port. Penang was under Kedah & Kedah under threat of Siam & Burma.

BRITISH
Sultan Muhammad Jiwa offered the British Penang if British was willing to help Kedah in handling the Siamese threat. Also facing threat from Bugis. Sultan set conditions: British patrol coast in Kedah Enemies of Sultan are enemies of British Costs of war borne by company Ships free to trade in Kedah & Penang 30,000 Spanish Peso must be paid to Sultan to make up losses of trade

a)
b) c)

d)
e)

BRITISH
1785 - Francis Light signed agreement although no permission has been given. British superior refused the agreement & Raja Abdullah insisted British leave Penang. British refused & attacked Seberang Perai & Kedah.

BRITISH
1791 - Sultan Kedah lost & forced with agreement from British. Include British rights to stay in Penang & $6,000 Spanish Peso as yearly compensation. Kedah unhappy with conditions & stopped food supply to Penang.

BRITISH
British know Kedah is weak. 1800 - British forced Kedah to surrender Seberang Perai through agreement. Sultan of Kedah is paid $10,000 Spanish Peso as compensation for his willingness to give up Seberang Perai. No mention of protection offered to Kedah.

BRITISH
British planned to find another new port in an area closer to the Straits of Malacca. Stamford Raffles was given this duty and he found Singapore was suitable. Raffles then found out that there was a struggle for the throne between the two princes of the Sultan of Johore, Sultan Mahmud III.

BRITISH
Raffles recognized Tengku Husin, elder son, and the Sultan of Johore. 1819 - Tengku Husin allowed Raffles to open a British settlement in Spore as per an agreement. Stated that the British must pay $3000 Spanish Peso and protect Tengku Husin, and that the ruler of Johore or his heir cannot form any relationship with other European powers.

BRITISH
British conquered 2 important ports in Malaya. In 1824, an agreement was signed between the British and the Dutch. Both parties determined the boundary of their respective land as to avoid any conflict that may cause a war.

BRITISH
North & East of Malacca Straits belong to the British and the South and West region belong to the Dutch. Dutch surrendered Malacca to British & British surrendered Bangkahulu to Dutch. British had 3 ports. Established Straits of Settlement (Negerinegeri Selat) consisted of Penang, Malacca & Singapore.

BRITISH EMPIRE IN MALAYA

BRITISH ARMY

BRITISH ARMY

BRITISH
Colonization of Sabah started. Surrender of Bruneis right over the West of Sabah to Overbeck & Dent Company, a company owned by Baron Von Overbeck, an Austrian and Alfred Dent, a British. Alfred Dent obtained permission from British government to establish British North Borneo Company to carry out its activities in Sabah..

BRITISH
Colonization spread to Sarawak. 1841 - James Brooke succeeded as Sarawak Governor by representatives of Sultan of Brunei after succeeded in destroying rebellion in Sarawak. Brooke was successful in forcing the Sultan of Brunei to surrender Sarawak to him.

BRITISH
Introduced the Resident system. Role of Resident was to advise Sultan in all aspects of administration except in religion and Malay customs. Sultan must follow the advice of the Resident. Perak, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor, Pahang under residency.

BRITISH
Resident was not given clear guidelines of duties. Residents used their own discretion and judgement to carry out duties. There were Residents who did not cooperate from the local ministers (Pembesar). For example, Sultan Perak disliked J.W.W Birch and he also faced oppositions from local ministers until he was killed in Pasir Salak.

BRITISH
J.G. Davidson and Frank Swettenham, 2 other residents were very good in taking care feelings of local ministers. Slavery was abolished slowly through an arranged mechanism without offending them.

FEDERATED MALAY STATES

1895 - Federated Malay States established due to weakness of Resident System. 4 states that had Residents (Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan & Pahang) were combined. Head of the federation was Resident General, based in Kuala Lumpur.

FEDERATED MALAY STATES

Residents were head administrators of the state governments department only. No longer the Sultans adviser .

UNFEDERATED MALAY STATES

Adviser system was carried out. Different from the Resident System. Malay rulers were not required to follow the advice of the British adviser. 1910 - Kelantan accepted British adviser officially through a mutual agreement. J.S Mason appointed first adviser.

RESISTANCE BY LOCALS
British administration caused dissatisfaction among ministers & people. Resistance in Naning Issue - Naning as a part of Malacca empire, tax-paying Leader - Datuk Dol Said Resistance in Selangor Issue - The appointment of Tengku Kudin as the Selangor viceroy by British Leader - Raja Mahadi

RESISTANCE BY LOCALS
Resistance in Perak Issue - Pangkor Agreement 1874, J.W.W. Birch was appointed First Resident & Sultan Abdullah was recognized as Sultan Perak. Birch meddled with the affairs of the Malay including the Malay customs. Leader - Datuk Maharaja Lela

DATO MAHARAJA LELA

RESISTANCE BY LOCALS
Resistance in Negeri Sembilan Issue - Power struggle between Tengku Antah and Datuk Kelana. Tax issue in Sungai Ujong. Leader - Tengku Antah, appointed as Yamtuan Besar Seri Menanti and British tried to colonize Negeri Sembilan.

RESISTANCE BY LOCALS
Resistance in Pahang Issue - Civil war between Wan Ahmad and Wan Muhatir over the post of Bendahara. Resistance started when J.P. Rodger appointed as Resident and introduced the "Collector and Magistrate". Leader - Tok Gajah, Datuk Bahaman

DATO BAHAMAN

RESISTANCE BY LOCALS
Resistance in Kelantan Issue - Rebellion of Tok Janggut in Pasir Puteh. British imposed various taxes on locals. Leader - Tok Janggut (Haji Wan Hassan) Resistance in Terengganu Issue - Tani rebellion. British imposed taxes and restriction. Rules to get pass to open lands. Leader - Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong

TOK JANGGUT

RESISTANCE BY LOCALS
Resistance in Sabah Issue - British entered through North Borneo Chartered Company that introduced the development efforts that caused difficulties to the locals, imposed taxes on locals and forcing locals to become forced labourers without pay. Leader Mat Salleh

MAT SALLEH

RESISTANCE BY LOCALS
Resistance in Sarawak Issue - James Brooke's rule: tried to eradicate the custom and tradition that was the practice of the locals Leader Sharif Masahor, Rentap

RENTAP