DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : M. VENU
Designation : Lecturer
Branch : ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.
Institute : Dr.B.R.A. GMR Polytechnic for women ( s.c)
Karimnagar , Karimnagar Dist.
Year / Semester : III Semester
Subject : CIRCUIT THEORY.
Sub.Code : EC – 303
Topic : Network Theorems
Duration : 150 minutes
Sub – Topic : Reciprocity Theorem
Teaching Aids : ppt’s

EC-303.49 to 51 1
Objectives

On completion of this period you would be able to :

• State RECIPROCITY theorem

• Solve problems using reciprocity theorem

RECAP

• In the previous sessions we have learnt application of

Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems for Finding branch
currents in the networks .
• However they have certain limitation and are not
suitable for all networks

EC-303.49 to 51 3
Reciprocity theorem

• In a linear bi-lateral single source network the ratio of

excitation (voltage or current source) to response of

(current or voltage ) is constant even when the positions

of excitation and response are interchanged.

EC-303.49 to 51 4
The reciprocity theorem can be understood
easily by using an example network :

Network: A two port network

Input port contains Source

Output port contains Load

EC-303.49 to 51 5
 I1
vs Network Load

Fig 1

The network with Source at I/P

Load at O/P :

EC-303.49 to 51 6
The network with Source at O/P
Load at I/P :

I2 Network Vs
Load

Fig 2

EC-303.49 to 51 7
• According to the reciprocity theorem

Ratio between Voltage ( Excitation)

and

Current ( Response)

VS VS
=
I1 I2

EC-303.49 to 51 8
SIMPLE NETWORK

• Consider the network shown below.

• Hence the source or excitation is V and response is I.

Z1 Z3

V ~ Z2

I2
I1
Fig 3

EC-303.49 to 51 9
By mesh current method, we get

(z1+ z2) -z2 I1 v

-z2 (z2+z3) I2 = 0

EC-303.49 to 51 10
   Z1  Z 2   Z 2 
VZ   
  Z 2  Z 2  Z 3  

 Z1Z 2  Z1Z 3  Z 2 Z 2  Z 2 Z 3  Z 2 Z 2   Z1Z 2

  Z1  Z 2  V 
V2   
 Z2 O 

V2 V .Z 2
I2  I  
VZ  Z1Z 2

V
 
Z Z 1 2

I Z2
EC-303.49 to 51 11
EXAMPLE - 1

Verify the reciprocity theorem in the circuit shown in

figure below

3Ω
1Ω 2Ω vx
10 A

Fig 4

EC-303.49 to 51 12
SOLUTION

• Sol.:-The voltage VX across the 3 Ω resistance

VX= 10. 2 .3
2+3

Vx = 60 = 12 Volts
5

Now, interchange the current source and response VX as

shown in figure in next slide

EC-303.49 to 51 13
• Circuit diagram

1Ω
10 A
2Ω 3Ω
VX

Fig 5

EC-303.49 to 51 14
To find the response, we have to find the voltage across
2 Ω resistor

Therefore VX =10 . 3 .2 = 60 = 12 V

2+3 15

In both cases, response VX is same.

Hence the reciprocity theorem is verified.

EC-303.49 to 51 15
EXAMPLE - 2

• Verify the Reciprocity theorem for the network shown

below.

2Ω 2Ω
c
a

+ 3Ω

2Ω 2Ω
20 V
-
I2 I3
I1
b d

Fig 6
EC-303.49 to 51 16
SOLUTION

• In this circuit the voltage source is 20V and the response

is I. By mesh current method

 5 3 0 
   I1   20 
 3 7  2   I 2    0 
 
 0   I 3   0 
 2 4 
 

• Hence ∆Z = 5(28-4)+3(-12-0) = 120-36

=84

• Hence ∆3 = 20(6-0) =120

• I3 = ∆3 / ∆Z = 120 / 84 EC-303.49
=1.428A to 51 17
• Apply the reciprocity theorem by
interchanging the source and response
we get

EC-303.49 to 51 18
 2Ω 2Ω
c
a

3Ω 2Ω 2Ω

I2 I1
I3
b d

Fig 1

EC-303.49 to 51 19
 4 2 0 
   I1   20 
 2 7  3  I 2    0 
 
 0   I 3   0 
 3 5 
 

EC-303.49 to 51 20
• ∆Z = 4(35-9) +2(-10-0) = 104-20 = 84

• ∆3 = 20(6-0) = 120

• I3 = ∆3 / ∆Z = 120 / 84 = 1.428A

• Hence I = I3 = 1.428A

• Hence reciprocity theorem is proved.

EC-303.49 to 51 21
PROBLEM – 1
Verify the reciprocity theorem for the following network shown
below.

A C
2Ω 2Ω
+

20 V 3Ω 2Ω 2Ω

B D
EC-303.49 to 51 22
SOLUTION TO PROBLEM – 1

 
• Total resistance in the circuit is =2  3 P 2   2 P2   
= 3.5 Ω

• The current drawn by the circuit is I T = 20 / 3.5

• I1= 5.71 amps.

EC-303.49 to 51 23
 A C
2Ω 2Ω
+
IT I
I

20 V 1Ω
3Ω

B D

EC-303.49 to 51 24
• The current in 2Ω branch

IT  3
I  2.85 A
3  2 1
I 2
 The current branch CD is   1.42 A
22

• Applying reciprocity theorem by inter changing source and

response we get

EC-303.49 to 51 25
On interchanging source and response the
below figure results

A C
2Ω
I
IT2
I2
2Ω I
2Ω
3Ω 2Ω
+
20 V
-

B D

EC-303.49 to 51 26
• The total resistance in the circuit is = 3.23 Ω

• The total current drawn by the circuit is = 20 v The current

branch AB/ 3.23 Ω = 6.19 amps.

IT 2  2
 I2   2.38 A
2  (2 P3)  2

I2  3
• The current in branch AB is I =  1.43 A
3 2

• If we compare the results in both cases the ratio of the input

20
to the response is same i.e,  13.99
43
EC-303.49 to 51 27
PROBLEM-2 AND SOLUTION
Verify the reciprocity theorem in the circuit given below.

A C
1Ω
I2 I3

10A 2Ω 3Ω V

B D

EC-303.49 to 51 28
SOLUTION FOR PROBLEM 2
• The voltage across the 3 ohm resistor is

• V=I3*R

• Where I 3 = 10 * 2 = 4 amps.
2+3

• There fore V = 4 *3 = 12 V

• Now we interchange the current source and response

EC-303.49 to 51 29
• To find the response we have to find the voltage
across

AB i.e VAB=V2Ω

• V = I 2* R
 3 
• I2 = 10 *  3  2  = 6 Amps

EC-303.49 to 51 30
• V = 6 * 2 = 12 volts.

• In both the cases the ratio of the current to voltage is the

same ie., it is equal to 0.833.

• Hence the reciprocity theorem is verified.

EC-303.49 to 51 31
Summary

We discussed about :

• Reciprocity theorem statement .

• Application of reciprocity theorem.

EC-303.49 to 51 32
Quiz

• The ratio between Source and __________

is compared in the statement of Reciprocity
theorem

a) Load resistance

b) Response

EC-303.49 to 51 33
Frequently asked Questions

1.State & explain reciprocity theorem ?

EC-303.49 to 51 34