Worldwide Interoperability

for
Microwave Access
( Wi - MAX)

D C Sonkhla,
SDE Computer, BRBRAITT
 Protocol

Oct 22, 2008 2

 Protocol

IEEE 802.16 MAC – Highlights

Wireless MAN: Point-to-Multipoint and optional
mesh topology
Connection-oriented
Multiple Access: DL TDM & TDMA, UL TDMA;UL
OFDMA & TDMA, DL OFDMA & TDMA
(Optional)

Oct 22, 2008 3

 Protocol

PHY considerations that affect the MAC

Duplex: TDD, FDD, FDX FDD BS and SS, HDX
FDD SS
Adaptive burst profiles (Modulation and FEC) on
both DL and UL
Protocol-independent core (ATM, IP, Ethernet)
Flexible QoS offering (CBR, rt-VBR, nrt-VBR, BE)
Strong security support
Oct 22, 2008 4
 IEEE 802.16 -- Introduction

Coverage range up to 50km and speeds up to 70Mbps (shared

among users).

Oct 22, 2008 5

 IEEE 802.16 -- Introduction

Oct 22, 2008 6

 IEEE 802.16 MAC – CPS
– MAC PDU Concatenation

Multiple MAC PDUs are concatenated into the same PHY burst

MAC PDU 1 MAC PDU 2 MAC PDU k

MAC PDU
HT MAC PDU Payload CRC HT MAC PDU Payload CRC ...... HT
Payload
CRC

FEC block 1 FEC Block 2 FEC Block 3

...... FEC block m
FEC

OFDM OFDM OFDM

PHY Burst Preamble symbol symbol ...... symbol
(e.g., TDMA burst) 1 2 n

Oct 22, 2008 7

 IEEE 802.16 MAC – CPS
– MAC PDU Fragmentation

A MAC SDU can be fragmented into multiple segments, each

segment is encapsulated into one MAC PDU

Fragmentation MAC SDU

Sub-Header
(8 bits)
MAC SDU MAC SDU MAC SDU
seg-1 seg-2 seg-3
F F
MAC PDU MAC PDU
F HT S CRC HT S CRC
Payload Payload
HT S MAC PDU Payload CRC H H
H

FEC FEC block ...... FEC Block FEC block ...... FEC Block
1 m1 1 m2

OFDM OFDM OFDM OFDM

Pre. symbol ...... symbol Pre. symbol ...... symbol
1 n1 1 n2

PHY Burst PHY Burst

Oct 22, 2008 8

 IEEE 802.16 MAC – CPS
– MAC PDU Packing

Packing with fixed size MAC SDUs (no packing sub-header is needed)

MAC MAC MAC Fixed size MSDUs, e.g., ATM

...... Cells, on the same connection
SDU 1 SDU 2 SDU k

HT MAC PDU Payload CRC

Packing with variable size MAC SDUs (Packing Sub-Heade is neeeded)

Variable size
MSDUs or MSDU
MAC SDU or MAC SDU or segments, e.g.,
Packing seg. 1 MAC SDU or seg 2
seg n IP packets, on
Sub-Heder
the same
(16 bits)
connection

HT PSH PSH ...... PSH CRC

Oct 22, 2008 9

 IEEE 802.16 MAC – CPS
QoS

Three components of 802.16 QoS

Service flow QoS scheduling
Dynamic service establishment
Two-phase activation model (admit first, then
activate)
Service Flow
A unidirectional MAC-layer transport service
characterized by a set of QoS parameters,
e.g., latency, jitter, and throughput
assurances
Identified by a 32-bit SFID (Service Flow ID)
Three types of service flows
Provisioned: controlled by network
management system
Admitted: the required resources reserved by
BS, but not active
Active: the required resources committed by
the BS
Oct 22, 2008 10
 IEEE 802.16 MAC – CPS
– Uplink Service Classes

UGS: Unsolicited Grant

Services
rtPS: Real-time Polling
Services
nrtPS: Non-real-time Polling
Services
BE: Best Effort

Oct 22, 2008 11

 IEEE 802.16 MAC – CPS
– Uplink Services: UGS

UGS: Unsolicited Grant

Services
For CBR or CBR-like
services, e.g., T1/E1.
The BS scheduler offers
fixed size UL BW grants on a
real-time periodic basis.
The SS does not need to
send any explicit UL BW req.
Oct 22, 2008 12
 IEEE 802.16 MAC – CPS
– Uplink Services: rtPS

rtPS: Real-time Polling

Services
For rt-VBR-like services, e.g.,
MPEG video.
The BS scheduler offers real-
time, periodic, UL BW request
opportunities.
The SS uses the offered UL BW
req. opportunity to specify the
desired UL BW grant.
The SS cannot use contention-
based BW req.
Oct 22, 2008 13
 IEEE 802.16 MAC – CPS
– Uplink Services: nrtPS

nrtPS: non-real-time polling

services
For nrt-VBR-like services, such
as, bandwidth-intensive file
transfer.
The BS scheduler shall provide
timely (on a order of a second or
less) UL BW request
opportunities.
The SS can use contention-based
BW req. opportunities to send BW
Oct 22, 2008 req. 14
 IEEE 802.16 MAC – CPS
– Uplink Services: BE

BE: Best Effort

For best-effort traffic, e.g.,
HTTP, SMTP.
The SS uses the contention-
based BW request
opportunities.

Oct 22, 2008 15

 IEEE 802.16 MAC – CPS
– Bandwidth Grant

BW grants are per Subscriber Station:

Allows real­time reaction to QoS need, i.e., SS may re­
distribute bandwidth among its connections, maintaining QoS 
and service­level agreements 
Lower overhead, i.e., less UL­MAP entries compare to grant 
per connection
Off­ loading base station’s work 
Requires intelligent subscriber station to redistribute the 
allocated BW among connections

Oct 22, 2008 16

 IEEE 802.16 MAC – CPS
– BW Request/Grant Mechanisms

Implicit requests (UGS): No actual requests

BW request messages, i.e., BW req. header
Sends in either a contention­based BW req. slot 
or a regular UL allocation for the SS;he special B
Requests up to 32 KB with a single message 
Request
Incremental or aggregate, as indicated by MAC 
header– 
Piggybacked request (for non-UGS services only)
Presented in Grant Management (GM) sub­
header in a data MAC PDU of the same UL 
connection
is always incremental 
Up to 32 KB per request for the CID 
Poll-Me bit
Oct 22, 2008 Presented in the GM sub­header on a UGS  17
connection
 IEEE 802.16 MAC – CPS
-- Contention UL Access

Two types of Contention based UL slots

Initial Ranging
Used for new SS to join the system
Requires a long preamble
BW Request
Used for sending BW req
Short preamble
Collision Detection and Resolution
Detection: SS does not get the expected response in a
given time
Resolution: a truncated binary exponential backoff
window

Oct 22, 2008 18

 IEEE 802.16 MAC – CPS
UL Sub-Frame Structure

Source: http://www.cygnuscom.com/pdf/WP_PN_Article.pdf
Oct 22, 2008 19
 IEEE 802.16 MAC – CPS
– Ranging

Ranging is a process of acquiring the

correct timing offset, and PHY
parameters, such as, Tx power level,
frequency offset, etc. so that the SS
can communicate with the BS correctly.
BS performs measurements and
feedback.
SS performs necessary adjustments.
Two types of Ranging:
Initial ranging: for a new SS to join
the system
Periodic ranging (also called
maintenance ranging): dynamically
maintain a good RF link.

Oct 22, 2008 20

 IEEE 802.16 MAC – CPS
– Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ)

A Layer-2 sliding-window based flow

control mechanism.
Per connection basis.
Only effective to non-real-time
applications.
Uses a 11-bit sequence number field.
Uses CRC-32 checksum of MAC PDU to
check data errors.
Maintain the same fragmentation
structure for Retransmission.
Optional.

Oct 22, 2008 21

 IEEE 802.16 MAC
– Privacy Sub-layer (PS)

Two Major Functions:

Secures over-the-air
transmissions
Protects from theft of service
Two component protocols:
Data encryption protocol
A client/server model based Key
management protocol (Privacy
Key Management, or PKM)

Oct 22, 2008 22

 IEEE 802.16 MAC – PS
-- Security Associations

A set of privacy information, e.g.,

encryption keys, used encryption
algorithm
Three types of Security Associations
(SAs)
Primary SA: established during initial
registration
Static SA: provisioned within the BS
Dynamic SA: dynamically created on the
fly
Identified by a 16-bit SAID
Connections are mapped to SAs
Oct 22, 2008 23
 IEEE 802.16 MAC – PS
-- Multi-level Keys and Their Usage

Public Key
Contained in X.509 digital certificate
Issued by SS manufacturers
Used to encrypt AK
Authorization Key (AK)
Provided by BS to SS at authorization
Used to derive KEK
Key Encryption Key (KEK)
Derived from AK
Used to encrypt TEK
Traffic Encryption Key (TEK)
Provided by BS to SS at key exchange
Used to encrypt traffic data payload
Oct 22, 2008 24
 IEEE 802.16 MAC – PS
-- Data Encryption

Use DES (Data Encryption Standard)

in CBC (Cipher Block Chaining) mode
with IV (Initialization Vector).
CBC IV is calculated from
IV parameter in TEK keying info;
and
PHY synchronization field in DL-
MAP.
Only MAC PDU payload (including
sub-headers) is encrypted.
MAC PDU headers are unencrypted.
Management messages are
unencrypted.

Oct 22, 2008 25

 References

IEEE802.16-2004
Alcatel White Paper: WiMAX, making
ubiquitous high-speed data services a
reality
Intel White Paper: Understanding
WiMAX and 3G for Portable/Mobile
Broadband Wireless
WiMAX Forum: www.wimaxforum.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMax

Oct 22, 2008 26

 IEEE 802.16 MAC – commonly used terms

BS – Base Station
SS – Subscriber Station, (i.e., CPE)
DL – Downlink, i.e. from BS to SS
UL – Uplink, i.e. from SS to BS
FDD – Frequency Division Duplex
TDD – Time Division Duplex
TDMA – Time Division Multiple Access
TDM – Time Division Multiplexing
OFDM – Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing
OFDMA - Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access
QoS – Quality of Service

Oct 22, 2008 27

 Application

There are two main applications of Wi-MAX

• fixed Wi-MAX applications are point-to-
multipoint enabling broadband access to
homes and businesses
• Mobile Wi-MAX offers the full mobility of
cellular networks at true broadband speeds.
Both fixed and mobile applications of Wi-
MAXare engineered to help deliver
ubiquitous, high-throughput broadband
wireless services at a low cost. .

Oct 22, 2008 28

 Application

Mobile Wi-MAX is based on OFDMA (Orthogonal

Frequency Division Multiple Access) technology
which has inherent advantages in throughput,
latency, spectral efficiency, and advanced antennae
support; ultimately enabling it to provide higher
performance than today's wide area wireless
technologies. Furthermore, many next generation 4G
wireless technologies may evolve towards OFDMA
and all IP-based networks as an ideal for delivering
cost-effective wireless data services
Oct 22, 2008 29
 Advantages

Wi-MAX can effectively be used for point-to-point

backhaul over long distances (up to 30 Miles).
Unobstructed, Wi-MAX can span many miles and
cover wide areas (up to 30 Miles). 4-6 Miles in non
line-of-site applications vs. 150-300 ft for Wi-Fi.
This makes it suitable for entire cities and allows
development of Metropolitan Area Networks
(MANs) versus Local Area Networks for Wi-Fi.

Oct 22, 2008 30

 Advantages

Wi-MAX promises to be internationally standardized,

facilitating large production runs by multiple suppliers,
bringing down equipment pricing.
Wi-MAX has a higher speed than Wi-Fi and, depending
on bandwidth availability, may produce data
transmissions of up to 70 Mbps vs. 54 for Wi-Fi.

Oct 22, 2008 31

 Advantages

Wi-MAX can be used in both Line-of-Sight

(LOS), for back-haul applications (up to 30 miles
under ideal conditions), and non-LOS network
access applications.
Wi-MAX can be used to connect multiple
network hot spots, and provide last-mile
connectivity directly to the home or business.
Wi-MAXcan use licensed or unlicensed spectrum.

Oct 22, 2008 32

 Advantages

Wi-MAX is symmetrical in most cases providing

the same throughput upstream and downstream
Since Wi-MAX does not use the Medium Voltage
power lines for transport, the Radio Frequency
Interference caused by signal transport over the
Medium Voltage system.

Oct 22, 2008 33

 WiMax Management Information Base
(MIB).

Oct 22, 2008 34

 WiMAX Mission Statement

The purpose of WiMAX is to promote deployment

of broadband wireless access networks by using a
global standard and certifying interoperability of
products and technologies

Writing test specs

Qualifying test labs
Certifying products
WiMAX is the next revolutionary technology after WiFi
Focus on interoperability
Oct 22, 2008 36
 IEEE 802.16a/d/e

IEEE 802.16a – A Fixed Wireless Access standard

PtMP, connection oriented MAC layer
Three Physical layers: OFDM, OFDMA and Single
Carrier
Approved in April 2003
IEEE 802.16d – now called IEEE 802.16-2004
Approved in July 2004
Focused on fixed applications
Consolidates all amendments and base standard for
WiMAX
IEEE 802.16e – A Mobile Wireless Access standard
Incorporate features and protocols needed for
portability/mobility
Modes added to enhance portability/mobility
performance
• HIPERMAN – the
Expect final parallel H105
approval ETSI effort
• Identical to 802.16a and 802.16d, except:
• Only OFDM PHY
Oct 22, 2008 37
 WiMAX Vision: Broadband Everywhere

3 1
2
FRACTIONAL RESIDENTIAL &
BACKHAUL for
T1 for SMALL SoHo DSL LEVEL
BUSINESS HOTSPOTS
Mobile
Backhaul SERVICE 4
WMAN Nomadic
T1+ LEVEL 802.16 802.1 Coverage -->
SERVICE d 6d handoff fromH HOT
ENTERPRISE H SPOTS
H

H H
H
H H
H
802.1
6e 5 = wide area
coverage outside of
Hot Spots
INTERNET
BACKBONE
BWA Operator
Network Backbone Mobility
Oct 22, 2008 38
 Salient features of BSNL WI-
MAX
WIMAX IN 10 CITIES-
KOLKATA, CHENNA, HYDERABAD, BANGLORE
AHMEDABAD, PUNE, HISSAR, ROHTA, PINJORE
and KARNAL
150 TYPE 1 CPEs.(3 RJ 45)
VENDOR-MOTOROLA, APERTO TECNOLOGY
FREQ. ALLOTTED- 2 FDD SPOTS OF 3.5 MHz.
FOUR SECTORS
7.5MBPS*4 = 30 MBPS TOTAL NET THROUGHPUT
BS CAPACITY-1000CPE,50 SUBSCRIBER/CPE
MODEL-PM 5000 BS,PM 300i CPE.
BS IS WIMAX CERTIFIED
Oct 22, 2008 39
 WIMAX BS

Oct 22, 2008 40

 WIMAX CPE components

Oct 22, 2008 41

 Management Traffic connected to PE router via 128kbps
MLLN circuit & data traffic to Tier-II

1. User Data is backhauled to the Tier II switch using Ethernet over SDH
or relevant media.
NMS Bangalore 2. Management Data is transported to the PE router using a 128kbps
MLLN backhaul.
3. EMS Client connected to the PE using 128kbps MLLN backhaul
4. All Management elements are part of a VPN.
EMS Server
City A

BTS Location
Provider
Router

MPLS CORE
Tier I Tier II
CPE
Locations

Provider
Broadband RAS/ User/ Backhaul Data
Router Eth over SDH Eth over SDH
Provider Edge

Tier I Tier II

EMS Client
Provider Edge
Router

128Kbps Managed Leased Line Network

Management Data

Oct 22, 2008 42

Snapshot of Frequency Spectrum for WiMAX (2.3 - 5.8 GHz)

MMDS 3.5GHz band Low/Mid Upper

~2500-2690 3400-3600 UNII-band UNII-band
2700-2900 (802.11a) ~5725-5850
5150-5350
3300-3400
ISM (11b/g) WRC (new)
5470-5725
2400-2480
US WCS WiMAX profiles available
2305-2320
2345-2360 Other Bands

Note : WPC has allotted two no of FDD frequencies of 3.5 MHz

(1) 3308.75 / 3358.75 MHz (2) 3312.25 / 3362.25 MHz
Oct 22, 2008 43
 Performance Requirement from
WiMax

CPE Performance:
8 Mbps net throughput per sector
Shall support 50 subscriber per CPE
BSNL has specifically asked for V5.2,
G703,Gx interface in BS & POTS, VOIP,
USB,G703 interfaces in CPE besides the
normal FE interface in BS & CPE. BSNL
has given 1 Year time frame to bidder
to provide these interfaces since these
are not available with any bidders.

Oct 22, 2008 44

 APPLICATIONS OF WIMAX

Multiple broadband from a single

CPE.(Each subs. With different SLA)
Backhaul of wi-fi
Backhaul of DSLMP
Internet lease line.
MPLS VPN sopport.

Oct 22, 2008 45

 DSLAM BACKHAUL APPLICATION

Up to 20kmts

Ethernet Ethernet
CANOPY CANOPY CANOPY

Wi-Max
BTS
Wi-Max Wi-Max DSLAM
DSLAM CPE CPE
Location-2
Location-1
Ethernet
Switch

BRAS INTERNET
BACKBONE
Oct 22, 2008 46
 FIG-2 Wireless Broadband Application
SME

ENTERPRISE

Wi-Max
Wi-Max CPE
CPE

KIOSK
CANOPY CANOPY CANOPY

Wi-Max
Base Station

Wi-Max
Wi-Fi CPE
Wi-Max
Access
CPE
Point
Wi-Fi
HOTSPOT

INTERNET BACKBONE

Oct 22, 2008 47

 BROADBAND SERVICE USING WI-MAX

Ethernet
Cable
Wi-Max
CPE

Ethernet Wi-Max
Switch C A NO P Y C A NO P Y CANOPY
Base Station

INTERNET BACKBONE

Oct 22, 2008 48

 BROADBAND SERVICE USING WI-FI AND WI-MAX

Wi-Max
CPE

Wi-Fi Wi-Max
Access C A NO P Y C A NO P Y CANOPY
Base Station
Point

INTERNET BACKBONE

Oct 22, 2008 49

 FIG-5 MPLS-VPN CONNECTIVITY

SME

ENTERPRISE

Wi-Max
Wi-Max CPE
CPE
SME
CANOPY CANOPY CANOPY

Wi-Max
Base Station

SWITCH
Wi-Max
CPE

MPLS INTERNET BACKBONE

NETWORK

Oct 22, 2008 50

 Combined VoIP, DSL & Wi-Max Solution for
URBAN and RURAL Telephony

CO Local
PSTN

Cu
Media Gateway Pairs
SIP Proxy &
Media POTS Splitter
Existing
Server
Loop SOHO
Network
Voice DSL CPE
10/100B &
1 T Data
ATA
BSNL
INTERNET
IP DSLAM
IP
BRAS
Rural Telephony 1
Aperto Aperto 2
Wi-Max
Wireless Access
Wi-Max CPE 3
Network 1 Analog 24 port
FXS gateway
2 2
4

Oct 22, 2008 51

 Issues with WI-MAX Equipment

4. Site survey
5. 5.2/G703 interfaces at CPE & BS end.
6. Height of Antenna at CPE end for longer
distance.
7. Upgradation/Replacement to certified
equipment.

Oct 22, 2008 52

 Issues
Issues with Wi-MAX

Upstream Bit Rate, Downstream Bit Rate,

Acceptable Outage Time, Security, and
Encryption, Video Quality, Internet Speeds,
Streaming Video, Bandwidth & Efficiency,
Voice over IP, Gaming Encryption,
Appropriate Frequency Tolerance to Interference and
Gateway Priority - Video Data

Oct 22, 2008 53

THANK YOU